“…This is supported by research in the context of English language lessons (e.g., Azian, Fauziah, Noor, & Norhanim, 2017;Celik, Aytin, & Bayram, 2012;Li, 2016;Tuzlukova, Busaidi, Burns, & Bugon, 2018). However, most past studies focused on the implementation and teaching of 21 st century skills in a general context (e.g., Rosdiana, Sumarni, Siswanto & Waluyo, 2020;Voogt & Roblin, 2012). The few local studies suggested that teachers from vernacular schools faced greater barriers when teaching 21 st century skills (Fairuz, 2017;Shaari et al, 2007; The United Chinese School Teachers' Association of Malaysia, 2018).…”