Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation.

Brandstätter, Veronika; Lengfelder, Angelika; Gollwitzer, Peter M.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.946

Cited by 466 publications

(434 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…The studies that have focused on implementation intention mechanisms have been conducted in the laboratory (e.g., Aarts et al, 1999;Webb & Sheeran, 2007) and thus the generalizability within more real-life settings is not clear. If implementation intentions do increase the accessibility of the planned situation and the link between the stimulus and response to the point that it reflects features of automaticity such as immediacy and efficiency (e.g., Brandstätter, Lengfelder, & Gollwitzer, 1997) then people should consistently respond in the same way when encountering the same situational cues. Consequently, recall of their plans should be sound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can implementation intentions and text messages promote brisk walking? A randomized trial.

Prestwich¹,

Perugini²,

Hurling³

2010

Health Psychology

145

215

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Objective: To test the efficacy in promoting brisk walking of two theory-based interventions that incorporate implementation intentions and text message (SMS) reminders directed at either one"s walking related plans or goals. Design: Participants (N=149) were randomized to one of three conditions (implementation intentions + SMS plan reminder; implementation intention + SMS goal reminder; control) before completing measures at baseline and follow-up four weeks later.At follow-up, the experimental groups were given a surprise recall task concerning their plans.All participants took an equivalent goal recall task. Outcome Measures: Validated self-report measures of physical activity and measures of implementation intention and goal recall, weight and waist-to-hip ratio. Results: Both intervention groups increased their brisk walking relative to the control group, without reducing other physical activity. The goal reminder group lost most weight. The plan reminder group recalled more of their plans than the goal reminder group but the latter were more successful in goal recall. Conclusion: Both interventions can promote brisk walking in sedentary populations. Text messages aid the recall of, and could enhance interventions that target, implementation intentions and goals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can implementation intentions and text messages promote brisk walking? A randomized trial.

Prestwich¹,

Perugini²,

Hurling³

2010

Health Psychology

145

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Setting implementation plans are effective at increasing the consistency between goal-directed intentions and behavior by increasing behavioral automaticity. The mechanism connects an environmental cue with the goal intention, making associations between the behavior and the cue more accessible in memory (Brandstätter, Lengfelder, & Gollwitzer, 2001). Stewart and Payne's (2008) implementation intentions manipulation was adapted for the present intervention.…”

Section: Intentional Strategies To Overcome Biasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Lai¹,

Marini

Lehr

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

528

482

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Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted seventeen interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in four studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of seventeen interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other nine interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others' perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics. Abstract = 160 words Keywords = attitudes, racial prejudice, implicit social cognition, malleability, Implicit Association Test September 9, 2016 update: We updated this manuscript to fix several minor reporting errors that we have learned about since the publication of the manuscript in August 2014. For a summary of these updates, please see pages 67 and 68. Authors' note:This project was supported by a gift from Project Implicit. Lai and Hawkins are consultants and Nosek is an officer of Project Implicit, Inc., a non-profit organization that includes in its mission "To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors. Thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness shape social perception, judgment and action (Bargh, 1999;Devine, 1989;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Nowhere has this idea been more explored than in studies of racial prejudice in which people report egalitarian racial attitudes, but also implicitly prefer Whites compared to Blacks (Devine, 1989;Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997;Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;. These studies have been influential because implicit racial preferences predict behaviors such as negative interracial contact (McConnell & Leibold, 2001), biases in medical decision-making (Green et al., 2007), and hiring discrimination (Rooth, 2010).From the hundreds of studies conducted, we can conclude that implicit preferences (1) are related to, but distinct from, explicit preferences (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;, (2) are constructed through different mechanisms than explicit preferences (De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, 2009;Ranganath & Nosek, 2008;Ratliff & Nosek, 2011;Rydell & McConnell, 2006), ...

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“…Gollwitzer and his colleagues (Brandstätter et al, 2001;Gollwitzer, 1999;Gollwitzer & Brandstätter, 1997) provided important evidence of the transfer from conscious direction to automatic execution. Many studies have shown that forming an implementation intention facilitates behavior and removes the need for further, conscious efforts (e.g., Gollwitzer, 1993).…”

Section: Automatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formulating such a plan creates a link between the anticipated cue (X) and the desired behavior (Y). As a result, perception of the cue causes the behavior to be executed automatically and without conscious guidance (Brandstätter, Lengfelder, & Gollwitzer, 2001). In essence, the conscious plan reprograms the automatic response.…”

Section: From Simulation To Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

Baumeister¹,

Masicampo²

2010

Psychological Review

244

210

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Five empirically based critiques have undermined the standard assumption that conscious thought is primarily for input (obtaining information from the natural environment) or output (the direct control of action). Instead, we propose that conscious thought is for internal processing, to facilitate downstream interaction with the social and cultural environment. Human consciousness enables the construction of meaningful, sequential thought, as in sentences and narratives, logical reasoning, counting and quantification, causal understanding, narratives, and the simulation of events (including nonpresent ones). Conscious thought sequences resemble short films that the brain makes for itself, thereby enabling different parts of brain and mind to share information. The production of conscious thoughts is closely linked to the production of speech because the human mind evolved to facilitate social communication and information sharing, as culture became humankind's biological strategy. The influence of conscious thought on behavior can be vitally helpful but is mostly indirect. Conscious simulation processes are useful for understanding the perspectives of social interaction partners, for exploring options in complex decisions, for replaying past events (both literally and counterfactually) so as to learn, and for facilitating participation in culture in other ways.

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Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation.

Cited by 466 publications

References 45 publications

Can implementation intentions and text messages promote brisk walking? A randomized trial.

Can implementation intentions and text messages promote brisk walking? A randomized trial.

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.

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