Implantable brain computer interface: Challenges to neurotechnology translation

Konrad, Peter E.; Shanks, Todd

doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.007

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Functional ES has been used to provide control of the bladder, reanimate paralyzed limbs, control pain, and treat movement disorders. [47][48][49][50] In most of these applications, the patient may experience adverse side effects to the functional ES attributed to current spread. The lack of current spread associated with INS makes it a viable alternative to ES in these applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared neural stimulation of human spinal nerve rootsin vivo

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a neurostimulation modality that uses pulsed infrared light to evoke artifact-free, spatially precise neural activity with a noncontact interface; however, the technique has not been demonstrated in humans. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of INS in humans in vivo. The feasibility of INS in humans was assessed in patients (n ¼ 7) undergoing selective dorsal root rhizotomy, where hyperactive dorsal roots, identified for transection, were stimulated in vivo with INS on two to three sites per nerve with electromyogram recordings acquired throughout the stimulation. The stimulated dorsal root was removed and histology was performed to determine thermal damage thresholds of INS. Threshold activation of human dorsal rootlets occurred in 63% of nerves for radiant exposures between 0.53 and 1.23 J∕cm 2 . In all cases, only one or two monitored muscle groups were activated from INS stimulation of a hyperactive spinal root identified by electrical stimulation. Thermal damage was first noted at 1.09 J∕cm 2 and a 2∶1 safety ratio was identified. These findings demonstrate the success of INS as a fresh approach for activating human nerves in vivo and providing the necessary safety data needed to pursue clinically driven therapeutic and diagnostic applications of INS in humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared neural stimulation of human spinal nerve rootsin vivo

et al. 2015

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“…Most implants used experimentally or clinically to assess and treat neurological disorders are placed above the dura mater (3,(16)(17)(18). The compliance of e-dura enables chronic implantation below the dura mater without extensive durotomy (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces

Minev

Musienko

Hirsch

et al. 2015

Science

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925

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Abstract:We introduce a new class of neural implants with the topology and compliance of dura mater, the protective membrane of the brain and spinal cord. These neural interfaces, which we called e-dura, achieve chronic bio-integration within the subdural space where they conform to the statics and dynamics of neural tissue. e-dura embeds interconnects, electrodes and chemotrodes that sustain millions of mechanical stretch cycles, electrical stimulation pulses, and chemical injections. These integrated modalities enable multiple neuroprosthetic applications. e-dura extracted cortical states in freely behaving animals for brain machine interface, and delivered electrochemical spinal neuromodulation that restored locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury. e-dura offers a novel platform for chronic multimodal neural interfaces in basic research and neuroprosthetics.3 Neuroprosthetic medicine is improving the lives of countless individuals. Cochlear implants restore hearing in deaf children, deep brain stimulation alleviates Parkinsonian symptoms, and spinal cord neuromodulation attenuates chronic neuropathic pain (1). These interventions rely on implants developed in the 1980s (2, 3). Since then, advances in electroceutical, pharmaceutical, and more recently optogenetic treatments triggered development of myriad neural interfaces that combine multiple modalities (4-9). However, the conversion of these sophisticated technologies into chronic implants mediating long-lasting functional benefits has yet to be achieved. A recurring challenge restricting chronic bio-integration is the substantial biomechanical mismatch between implants and neural tissues (10-13). Here, we introduce a new class of soft multimodal neural interfaces that achieve chronic bio-integration, and we demonstrate their long-term efficacy in clinically relevant applications. e-dura fabrication. We designed and engineered soft interfaces that mimic the topology and mechanical behavior of the dura mater (Fig. 1A-B). The implant, which we called electronic dura mater or e-dura, integrates a transparent silicone substrate (120µm in thickness), stretchable gold interconnects (35nm in thickness), soft electrodes coated with a novel platinum-silicone composite (300µm in diameter), and a compliant fluidic microchannel (100µm x 50µm in crosssection) (Fig. 1C-D, fig. S1-S2-S3). The interconnects and electrodes transmit electrical excitation and transfer electrophysiological signals.The microfluidic channel, termed chemotrode (14), delivers drugs locally (Fig. 1C, fig. S3). Microcracks in the gold interconnects (15) and the newly developed soft platinum-silicone composite electrodes confer exceptional stretchability to the entire implant (Fig. 1B, Movie S1). The patterning techniques of metallization and microfluidics support rapid manufacturing of customized neuroprostheses.4 e-dura implantation. Most implants used experimentally or clinically to assess and treat neurological disorders are placed above the dura mater (3,(16)(17)(18). The compliance of e-...

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“…During the past four decades, the concept of interfacing with the brain cortex for both recording and stimulation the nervous system has rapidly evolved [35,36]. Intracortical prosthesis that penetrates into the brain can stimulate an immediate area of the brain by directly interfacing the cortex depending on their design and placement [37,38]. Besides, required electrical currents to stimulate neurons through penetrating electrodes are much smaller than those used to excite neurons through surface stimulation.…”

Section: The Advent Of Penetrating Microelectrode Arrays (Mea)mentioning

confidence: 99%