Imperial Philanthropy and Colonial Response: British Juvenile Emigration to Canada, 1896‐1930

Rooke, Patricia T.; Schnell, Rüdiger

doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1983.tb01587.x

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The latter payments suggest the resilience of state sponsorship of Catholic emigrating societies, maintained despite the imminent temporary suspension of child emigration in 1930. Economic logic even prevailed in the face of the system's demise, ostensibly caused, according to the Catholic Emigration Society, by its expense rather than by the concerted campaign by the Canadian Council on Child Welfare led by Charlotte Whitman that led to its moratorium (LHU, NCA 123, 1930–1931; Rooke & Schnell, 1983, p. 58).…”

Section: Rationale and Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This regional focus uncovers the influence of local culture, religion and social attitudes in producing and facilitating child welfare strategies and, for instance, the policy of child emigration was accelerated by Nugent himself, who claimed there were 23,000 impoverished Catholic children living on the streets of Liverpool in the 1860s (Belchem, 2000, p. 120; Kohli, 2003, p. 243). Subsequently, over 80,000 children were emigrated to Canada out of workhouses, orphanages, industrial schools, religious and charitable institutions between 1860 and 1930 (Rooke & Schnell, 1983, p. 57).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reintegrating agency, regulation and the economy into histories of child emigration from North West England to Canada, 1860–1930

2020

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In this article we bring the records of Liverpool‐based child emigration agencies into conversation with the archives of ‘Home’ children held at Libraries and Archives Canada, the Archives of Ontario (Toronto) and the Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto Archives. Our aim is to provide the first study to consider why the North West emerged as the British centre of child emigration during the period 1860–1930, and examine the shared emigration infrastructure between its institutions and agents with those in Canada, through which we hope to advance comparative transnational research into child separation as a feature of welfare systems since the late‐nineteenth century. Our key claims are the following: (1) that children and their families DID challenge, resist and question the system, though not always expressed through their limited ability to give consent to emigration; (2) that the purported welfarist impulses of child emigration schemes were frequently in tension with the everyday administrative and financial concerns that characterised exchanges over child migrants between state and institution, bespeaking a broader economy of child emigration schemes that has thus far been under‐examined in the scholarship.

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Section: Rationale and Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reintegrating agency, regulation and the economy into histories of child emigration from North West England to Canada, 1860–1930

2020

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“…Ontario still has a Scottish flavor, and the Irish frequently went to farming areas in order to capitalize on their agricultural skills (Akenson, 1984); only later did they settle in towns to any extent. For the most part, study of immigrant children in Canada has focused on youngsters sent by philanthropic societies (Bagnell, 1980;Wagner, 1982;Rooke and Schnell, 1983) and there are two reasons. First, the children whose experiences were considered to be the most significant were those travelling together with only peer support which they lost when placed with families.…”

Section: S O C I a L S C I E N C E H I S T O R Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of Australia there were the convict boys followed by the surplus girls from Irish and English workhouses. In the sixty years after 1869, 80,000 children and youths reached Canada according to Rooke and Schnell (1983). There two thirds were "exploited, neglected, defrauded or mistreated" (Rooke and Schnell, 1981), suggesting one third were well received and happy.…”

Section: Immigrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Stay and Starve, Or Go and Prosper!” Juvenile Emigration from Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century

Jordan¹

1985

Social Science History

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The nineteenth century saw the beginning of large-scale migration of population from western Europe to various countries of the world. North and South America had proven hospitable in previous centuries and the southern tip of Africa presented an equable climate as well as strategic location. The islands of the southern seas reached by Cook and Van Diemen proved equally attractive if more remote. In retrospect it seems inevitable that, with the exception of South America, they were bound to be English-speaking. Even South America had its British farming colonists at one stage. In 1826 just under two hundred Highland Scots embarked for Topo in the highlands of Colombia (United Kingdom, 1827). Significantly, one hundred and two of them were under fourteen years of age.

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“…Schnell have commented, British philanthropists and emigrationists may have unwittingly contributed to such negative perceptions by exaggerating the severity of the social problems they were addressing. 9 In neither Britain nor Canada was there a consensus regarding the desirability of child emigration. Supporters of such schemes were often engaged in a propaganda battle against those who considered emigration to be detrimental to Canadian or British national interests; or were antagonistic to those who considered it to be irreconcilable with the interests of the child.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

‘A future not of riches but of comfort’: The emigration of pauper children from Bristol to Canada, 1870–1915

Martin

2000

Immigrants & Minorities

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This article examines the emigration of orphan and deserted children from Bristol to Canada in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This emigration was organised and financed by the local Boards of Guardians and, as such, raises important questions about the way in which state agencies cared for dependent children. The emigration of Poor Law children is explored in relation to debates about childcare, poverty, racial degeneration and imperialism. Of particular interest is the role played by women in promoting child emigration and the article considers the women's contribution to discourse and practice, both locally and nationally. The dynamics of emigration are analysed by using both British and Canadian sources and the tensions associated with pauper emigration are examined in some detail.

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Imperial Philanthropy and Colonial Response: British Juvenile Emigration to Canada, 1896‐1930

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Reintegrating agency, regulation and the economy into histories of child emigration from North West England to Canada, 1860–1930

Reintegrating agency, regulation and the economy into histories of child emigration from North West England to Canada, 1860–1930

“Stay and Starve, Or Go and Prosper!” Juvenile Emigration from Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century

‘A future not of riches but of comfort’: The emigration of pauper children from Bristol to Canada, 1870–1915

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