“…These numerical approaches include the finite element method (FEM), the boundary element method (BEM), and a combination of them (Senm et al, 1985;Mamoon et al, 1990;Wu and Finn, 1997a;Barros, 2006;Padrón et al, 2007;Masoumi and Degrande, 2008;Millán and Domínguez, 2009;Taherzadeh et al, 2009;Padrón et al, 2012). Although the FEM can take many factors into consideration, such as soil layering, anisotropy, and non-linearity (Randolph and Wroth, 1978), it also involves a lot of complications due to the requirement of special non-reflecting boundaries at far-field (Kuhlemeyer, 1979a;1979b) and computational inefficiency.…”