“…6 For a better understanding of the non-ideal response of the impedance spectra, represented by a distorted semicircle in the Nyquist domain, models with physical descriptions and better fitting of the distortion have been suggested. Several potential properties such as surface roughness, 10,11 porous materials, 12,13 adsorbed intermediates, 14,15 trapping and relaxing process at junction interface, 16 and grain boundaries 17,18 have been reported according to the CPE concept. Models based on the distributions of physical properties in one dimension have also been proposed to understand the non-ideal impedance spectra of various systems, including polymer coating, according to the distributions of the dielectric constant, 19 electrical resistivity, [20][21][22] and surface reactivity, 23 which are attributed to the distributions of time constants.…”