Impedance parameters and the state-of-charge. II. Lead-acid battery

Varying percentages of full uniform shading of a PV module in a controlled environment yields linear power reduction

“…In fact, battery-to-battery variations in electromotive force at a given state of charge could be in the order of 50 mV due to variations in the manufacturing process, ageing and charge-discharge cycling of a single 2.25 V cell [44]. A 60 LED lamp (12 V, 3 W) was, therefore, chosen as the load resistance that was connected directly to the PV module via a 22 Ω resistor.…”

Estimating Depth of Discharge of Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Batteries from Their Impedance Characteristics

“…Though the impedance method has been employed for studying various cells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], it has failed thus far to produce sufficiently reliable results when used for the determination of DOD and lifetime of lithium-thionyl chloride cells.…”

Electrochemical characteristics of the lithium/carbon monofluoride battery and its component half-cells

“…Successful state-of-charge determinations by the impedance technique have been developed for the nickel-cadmium battery [ 12], the LeclancM battery [13], and the zinc/mercuric oxide battery [14]. Attempts to monitor the state of charge via impedance measurements of alkaline zinc/manganese dioxide cells [ 15] and secondary lead-acid cells [16] were less successful because variations of the impedance parameters with state of charge were either too small or parabolic. A state-of-charge test for the lithium/copper oxide cell based on the lithium activation resistance has been reported [17,18] over a limited range of charge (100-90%), but the test can only be per-formed 24h after discharge.…”