“…Impedance spectroscopy was carried out using a three-electrode system and commercial potentiostat from IVIUM Technologies (Eindhoven, Netherlands) ( Bong et al, 2019 ; Patel et al, 2021 ; Jeong et al, 2022 ; Park et al, 2022 ). A gold electrode was prepared by sputtering a titanium layer (10 nm) as an adhesive layer and a gold layer (200 nm) on an SiO 2 wafer as a working electrode.…”