Impairment due to amphetamines and benzodiazepines, alone and in combination

Høiseth, Gudrun; Andås, Hilde T.; Bachs, Liliana; Mørland, Jörg

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.013

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is possible that some nightlife patrons use sedatives or sleeping agents for a calming effect when coming home, and not in the nightclub setting itself. The most common combination was stimulants and benzodiazepines, which is also a common combination among drivers arrested for drug-impaired driving in Norway (Høiseth et al, 2014), and may indicate problematic drug use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Illicit Drug Use among Norwegian Nightlife Patrons

Jørgenrud

Furuhaugen

Gjerde

2021

Substance Use & Misuse

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Background: Nightclubs and bars are recreational settings with extensive availability and consumption of alcohol and recreational drugs. Objectives: This study aims to determine the proportion of nightclub patrons in Norway that tested positive for illicit drugs, moreover, we examined the correlation between positive test results and demographic and substance use characteristics. Methods: Patrons were recruited outside nightclubs on Friday and Saturday nights between 10:00 pm and 04:00 am. Substance use was determined by breath testing and oral fluid testing for alcohol and drugs, respectively, using accurate and specific analytical methods. Questionnaires recorded demographic and substance use characteristics. Results: Of the 1988 included nightclub patrons, 90% tested positive for alcohol, 14% for illicit drug use, and 3% for two or more illicit drugs. The proportion of patrons who tested positive for illicit drugs was highest in the early hours of the morning. Nine out of ten who tested positive for illicit drugs also consumed alcohol. Testing positive for one or more illicit drugs was most strongly correlated with being male and unemployed, using tobacco or other nicotine products, and early on-set illicit drug use; further the correlations were strongest among those who tested positive for two or more illicit drugs. Conclusions/ Importance: Patrons who used illicit drugs before or during nightclub visits most often combined drug use with alcohol consumption. Substituting alcohol with cannabis or other drugs was not common in this cohort. The study results provide evidence to introduce harm-reduction prevention programs to address illicit drug and excessive alcohol consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Illicit Drug Use among Norwegian Nightlife Patrons

Jørgenrud

Furuhaugen

Gjerde

2021

Substance Use & Misuse

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“…This is an important observation given that the combination of different substances may have particularly detrimental effects ( Høiseth, Andås, Bachs, & Mørland, 2014 ). At the policy level there is often a narrow division between alcohol, drugs (also between licit and illicit drugs) and tobacco.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A comparable Danish study recorded up to six drugs used during pregnancy for a group of 161 women in treatment, revealing exactly the same distribution between categories; 42% used 1-2 drugs and 58% used three or more (Irner et al, 2012). This is an important observation given that the combination of different substances may have particularly detrimental effects (Høiseth, Andås, Bachs, & Mørland, 2014). At the policy level there is often a narrow division between alcohol, drugs (also between licit and illicit drugs) and tobacco.…”

Section: Stage Of Gestation At Admissionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Patterns of polydrug use among pregnant substance abusers

Reitan

2017

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

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Aim: Studies of drug use during pregnancy have generally focused on individual substances or specific combinations of drugs. The aim of this article is to increase our knowledge about polydrug use and pregnancy in a Nordic context by describing the sociodemographic characteristics of a clinical population of pregnant women with severe substance use, examining the scope and type of polydrug use and analysing factors associated with concurrent use of many, as opposed to a few, drugs. Method: A cross-sectional study of pregnant women on admission to compulsory care for substance abuse in Sweden between 2000 and 2009 (n ¼ 119 women, representing 128 pregnancies). Data were retrieved from administrative registers and client records. Univariate links between demographic, social, obstetrical, treatment history variables and polydrug use were examined. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between explanatory variables and polydrug use. Results: The average number of drugs being used concurrently was 2.65, and injection drug use was recorded in 73% of the pregnancies. Opiates and amphetamines were the most common primary drugs, followed by alcohol. The likelihood of polydrug use increased with first trimester pregnancy, planned (as opposed to emergency) committals, as well as the combination of partner substance abuse and injection drug use. Conclusions: Polydrug use was widespread among pregnant substance abusers. Policies, interventions and research often focus on individual drugs separately, but for clinical populations in particular there is a need to address drug use broadly, including a systematic recording of smoking habits. This also entails awarding more attention to those not eligible for established interventions, such as opiate maintenance treatment, and giving more consideration to a variety of life circumstances, such as partner drug use.

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“…[25][26][27][28] Combining amphetamines and benzodiazepines resulted in more significant driving impairment than either drug alone. 29 People who combine benzodiazepines and amphetamines are at a higher risk of experiencing psychological issues such as depression, anxiety and social dysfunction. 30 Studies have shown that those who use benzodiazepines are more likely to use amphetamines through injection and reuse needles, which increases their chances of contracting bloodborne viruses like hepatitis B and HIV.…”

Section: Bmj Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use and association with concurrent use of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and THC in the West Bank among male Palestinians: a cross-sectional study

Damiri,

Mousa,

Helou

2023

bmjph

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IntroductionAmphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) are becoming a growing concern in the West Bank. Despite the focus on marijuana, statistics show that ATS seizures and clandestine laboratories indicate increased use of this highly addictive chemical among Palestinians. Shifting from marijuana to ATS can have severe clinical and social consequences, yet insufficient studies have been conducted. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ATS use and its correlation with other drug use in male Palestinians living in the northern West Bank.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among Palestinian men aged ≥18 years from the north of the West Bank in 2022–2023. A self-administered questionnaire and urine analysis test were used to determine drug use. ATS users in this study tested positive for at least one of the following: amphetamines, ecstasy or methamphetamines.ResultsOut of 787 participants, 129 (16.4%) were drug users. The prevalence of drug use among drug users was as follows: benzodiazepines (55.8%), amphetamines (41.1%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (38.8%), methamphetamines (38.0%), barbiturates (9.3%), phencyclidine (1.6%) and ATS (48.8%); 84.1% were amphetamine and 77.7% were methamphetamine users. Most ATS users (68.3%) were polydrug users; 57.1% were benzodiazepine, 30.2% were THC and 12.7% were barbiturate users. The adjusted binary logistic regression revealed that ATS users were more likely to be benzodiazepine (OR=11.059, p<0.001), THC (OR=5.520, p<0.001) and barbiturate users (OR=17.109, p=0.01).ConclusionThe study found that ATS use is widespread among Palestinian men and is associated with other drug use, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates and THC. The study recommends implementing better strategies and policies for controlling and confiscating illicit substances to address the severe medical and sociological problems that can arise from drug dependence. Additionally, the study highlights the risks associated with transitioning from marijuana to ATS, which can have severe clinical and social consequences.

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Impairment due to amphetamines and benzodiazepines, alone and in combination

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Illicit Drug Use among Norwegian Nightlife Patrons

Prevalence and Correlates of Illicit Drug Use among Norwegian Nightlife Patrons

Patterns of polydrug use among pregnant substance abusers

Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use and association with concurrent use of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and THC in the West Bank among male Palestinians: a cross-sectional study

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