Impairment based legislative limits for driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs in Norway

Vindenes, Vigdis; Jordbru, Dag; Knapskog, Arne-Birger; Kvan, Elena; Mathisrud, Grete; Slørdal, Lars; Mørland, Jörg

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.004

Cited by 115 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…When calculating the diazepam equivalent concentrations using the concentrations for each benzodiazepine achieved after ingestion of a previously defined ‘impairing drug dose', according to the Norwegian per se law on drugged driving [22], the median concentration of clonazepam in the present population would equal 4.5 µmol/l (1,280 ng/ml) diazepam. This corresponds to a steady state concentration seen during the use of approximately 60-70 mg diazepam daily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Has Previous Abuse of Flunitrazepam Been Replaced by Clonazepam?

et al. 2015

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Background and Aims: For many years, flunitrazepam was the benzodiazepine of choice among users of illegal drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate to which extent clonazepam use has increased in this population, and whether this was related to increased prescription or because of illegal availability. Methods: We used data from three sources to study the changes in the use of clonazepam: (1) Presence and concentrations of clonazepam and flunitrazepam in blood samples collected from Norwegian drugged drivers; (2) Sales numbers (legal market) for clonazepam, extracted from the Norwegian prescription database (NorPD), and (3) Specific seizures (illegal market) for clonazepam in Norway. Results: In 2004, 13.0% of the analysed blood samples from drugged drivers contained clonazepam, whereas this proportion had increased to 27.7% in 2013. In the same period, the frequency of flunitrazepam in drugged drivers decreased from 16.6% in 2004 to 3.2% in 2013. The number of clonazepam prescriptions decreased, while the number of seized tablets containing clonazepam increased considerably from 2004 to 2013. Conclusions: For the last 10 years, a significant increase in the illegal use of clonazepam has been seen, now replacing flunitrazepam as the most used illegal benzodiazepine in Norway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Has Previous Abuse of Flunitrazepam Been Replaced by Clonazepam?

et al. 2015

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“…Testing for cannabinoids is increasingly being performed at the roadside and in the workplace, with many countries implementing "zero tolerance" or per se limits on blood cannabinoid concentrations for driving, analogous to those imposed with alcohol (Bergamaschi et al, 2013;Vindenes et al, 2012). A cannabinoid positive test can have major repercussions for individuals through sanctions imposed by the criminal justice system or employers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise increases plasma THC concentrations in regular cannabis users

Wong

Montebello

Norberg

et al. 2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…For metering out sanctions in penal cases with drugs other than alcohol, expert evaluations based mainly on the results from blood analysis and the clinical examination are used. It has now been decided to establish legal limits and impairment limits for a number of drugs in Norway [6], and these will be implemented February 1th 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%