Impaired Immune Phenotype of Endothelial Cell-derived Micro Particles: The Missing Link between Diabetes-related States and Risk of Cardiovascular Complications?

Abstract

Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a leading contributor to cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. Although obese and metabolic syndrome are discussed key factors contributing a higher risk of T2DM, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying to the progression of dysmetabolic states are still not completely clear. There is large body of evidence regarding endothelial dysfunction as a key player in increasing CV risk and that vascular damage in the dysmetabolic patients might mediate through an imbalance between various populations of micro particle (MP). The short commentary is discussed a role of impaired ratio between apoptotic MPs and activated MPs derived from endothelial cells that was recognized as "impaired phenotype" of endothelial cell-derived MPs. It has considered the causality epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and oxidative stress in forming of "impaired phenotype" of MPs. The incorporation of measurement of the endothelial cell-derived MP number into a conventional CV risk factor model aimed improving of risk stratification of the dysmetabolic patients with high probability of CV disease is discussed. processing that is essential for phenotype modification, tissue repair, cell death, malignancy, and immunity [14-17].

Coupling Analytical Methods for Detection of Microparticles: The Possibilities for Improvement

“…There is strong association between immune patterns of MPs originated from different cells (endothelial cells, mononuclears, dendritic cells, and platelets) and nature evolution of various diseases including cardiovascular (CV) diseases, diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, cancer, sepsis, eclampsia, autoimmune states, infections and thrombosis [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Moreover, number of circulating MPs has been hypothesized to be responsible for prediction of the CV risk, thromboembolic events, autoimmune crisis, bleeding, as well as risk of all-cause mortality and CV death [11][12][13][14]. In this context, measure of MPs in circulation is considered a pretty promising, not simple tool for improving personal risk stratification.…”

Hypertension in Pregnancy: The Role of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction

“…Interestingly, there is a large body of strong evidence regarding influence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and or metabolic comorbidities on depletion of EPCs' number and appearance of their dysfunction [5][6][7][8]. Additionally, whether weak function and lowered number of EPCs appear in a peripheral blood prior to hypertension in pregnancy is not clear [9].…”

The Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 in Chronic Heart Failure: New Challenge in Biomarker-Guided Therapy?

“…The ability of EPCs for self-renewal and differentiation into mature endothelial cells has recently been under intense investigation [28] and remains of high interest for regenerative medicine [29]. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown a key role of bone marrow EPCs in the endothelial repair, angiogenesis, neovascularization, and attenuation of vascular function, whereas EPCs derived from peripheral blood cells including circulating mononuclears are under tight epigenetic control, and several paracrine and metabolic mechanisms and they are considered a central mechanism of immediate reparative response of injury [30]. There is evidence regarding that the both subpopulations of EPCs are mobilized or released into systemic circulation in response to specific stimuli.…”