Impaired gastric motor activity after abdominal surgery in rats

Fukuda, Hiroyuki; Tsuchida, Daisuke; Koda, Keiji; Miyazaki, Masaru; Pappas, Theodore N.; Takahashi, Toshio

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00602.x

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although the etiology of POI is complex (Figure 1), it is primarily associated with surgical trauma and manipulation of the bowel, inhibitory neural reflexes, secretion of endogenous opioids within the GI tract, and exogenous opioid-based analgesia [4–6, 9, 63–66]. Surgical trauma and manipulation activate inhibitory sympathetic neural reflexes in the GI tract and induce the release of catecholamines, inflammatory mediators, and endogenous opioids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic Routines: The Anesthesiologist's Role in GI Recovery and Postoperative Ileus

Leslie

Viscusi

Pergolizzi

et al. 2011

Advances in Preventive Medicine

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All patients undergoing bowel resection experience postoperative ileus, a transient cessation of bowel motility that prevents effective transit of intestinal contents or tolerance of oral intake, to varying degrees. An anesthesiologist plays a critical role, not only in the initiation of surgical anesthesia, but also with the selection and transition to effective postoperative analgesia regimens. Attempts to reduce the duration of postoperative ileus have prompted the study of various preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative regimens to facilitate gastrointestinal recovery. These include modifiable variables such as epidural anesthesia and analgesia, opioid-sparing anesthesia and analgesia, fluid restriction, colloid versus crystalloid combinations, prokinetic drugs, and use of the new peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor (PAM-OR) antagonists. Review and appropriate adaptation of these multiple modifiable interventions by anesthesiologists and their surgical colleagues will facilitate implementation of a best-practice management routine for bowel resection procedures that will benefit the patient and the healthcare system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic Routines: The Anesthesiologist's Role in GI Recovery and Postoperative Ileus

Leslie

Viscusi

Pergolizzi

et al. 2011

Advances in Preventive Medicine

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“…Gastric tone can be affected by the mechanical distortion induced by the balloon, which can, per se, activate vagal afferent fibers and mask pharmacological manipulations. Instead, we used small force transducers to record gastric circular muscle contraction, a method that is well established in similar studies and well within the range of sensitivity of the miniaturized strain gauge (26,42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of brain stem cholecystokinin-8s on gastric tone and esophageal-gastric reflex

Holmes¹,

Tong²,

Travagli³

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Holmes GM, Tong M, Travagli RA. Effects of brain stem cholecystokinin-8s on gastric tone and esophageal-gastric reflex. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G621-G631, 2009. First published January 8, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90567.2008.-The actions of cholecystokinin (CCK) on gastrointestinal functions occur mainly via paracrine effects on peripheral sensory vagal fibers, which engage vago-vagal brain stem circuits to convey effector responses back to the gastrointestinal tract. Recent evidence suggests, however, that CCK also affects brain stem structures directly. Many electrophysiological studies, including our own, have shown that brain stem vagal circuits are excited by sulfated CCK (CCK-8s) directly, and we have further demonstrated that CCK-8s induces a remarkable degree of plasticity in GABAergic brain stem synapses. In the present study, we used fasted, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the effects of brain stem administration of CCK-8s on gastric tone before and after activation of the esophageal-gastric reflex. CCK-8s microinjected in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) or applied on the floor of the fourth ventricle induced an immediate and transient decrease in gastric tone. Upon recovery of gastric tone to baseline values, the gastric relaxation induced by esophageal distension was attenuated or even reversed. The effects of CCK-8s were antagonized by vagotomy or fourth ventricular, but not intravenous, administration of the CCK-A antagonist lorglumide, suggesting a central, not peripheral, site of action. The gastric relaxation induced by DVC microinjection of CCK-8s was unaffected by pretreatment with systemic bethanecol but was completely blocked by N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting a nitrergic mechanism of action. These data suggest that 1) brain stem application of CCK-8s induces a vagally mediated gastric relaxation; 2) the CCK-8s-induced gastric relaxation is mediated via activation of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic pathways; and 3) CCK-8s reverses the esophageal-gastric reflex transiently.vago-vagal reflexes; gastric reflexes ESOPHAGEAL DISTENSION has long been recognized to elicit a robust and reflexive gastric relaxation (21). Early models of gastrointestinal vago-vagal reflexes presented a framework to explain many of the features of the brain stem circuits devoted to gastric reflex control, whereby stimulation of sensory vagal afferent fibers activates second-order neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Subsequently, these second-order neurons modulate the output of preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) that, in turn, control gastric functions to complete the vago-vagal loop (reviewed in Ref. 72).The esophageal-gastric reflex (or receptive relaxation) decreases gastric tone and allows swallowed food to be transported to the stomach with a minimal increase in intragastric pressure. Neurophysiological studies by Jean first showed the association of neurons of the caudal brain stem with esophageal function (reviewed in Re...

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“…The former likely initiates neural and inflammatory processes that directly lead to impaired GI motility, 9, 21 though both pitfalls are easily remedied by refinement of surgical technique. This may include altering the length and starting point of the midline incision into the abdomen as well as minimizing the manipulation of the viscera during exteriorization and replacement of the stomach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring <em>In Vivo</em> Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

Holmes

Swartz

McLean

2014

JoVE

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Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an area of productive research with over 1,400 published animal studies in just the last 5 years. Numerous techniques have been developed for quantifying smooth muscle activity of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. In vitro and ex vivo techniques offer powerful tools for mechanistic studies of GI function, but outside the context of the integrated systems inherent to an intact organism. Typically, measuring in vivo smooth muscle contractions of the stomach has involved an anesthetized preparation coupled with the introduction of a surgically placed pressure sensor, a static pressure load such as a mildly inflated balloon or by distending the stomach with fluid under barostatically-controlled feedback. Yet many of these approaches present unique disadvantages regarding both the interpretation of results as well as applicability for in vivo use in conscious experimental animal models. The use of dual element strain gages that have been affixed to the serosal surface of the GI tract has offered numerous experimental advantages, which may continue to outweigh the disadvantages. Since these gages are not commercially available, this video presentation provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to the fabrication of the current design of these gages. The strain gage described in this protocol is a design for recording gastric motility in rats. This design has been modified for recording smooth muscle activity along the entire GI tract and requires only subtle variation in the overall fabrication. Representative data from the entire GI tract are included as well as discussion of analysis methods, data interpretation and presentation.

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Impaired gastric motor activity after abdominal surgery in rats

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Anesthetic Routines: The Anesthesiologist's Role in GI Recovery and Postoperative Ileus

Anesthetic Routines: The Anesthesiologist's Role in GI Recovery and Postoperative Ileus

Effects of brain stem cholecystokinin-8s on gastric tone and esophageal-gastric reflex

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring <em>In Vivo</em> Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

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