Impacts of the COVID-19 confinement on air quality, the Land Surface Temperature and the urban heat island in eight cities of Andalusia (Spain)

Investigating the impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, surface Urban Heat Island, air temperature and lighting energy consumption in City of Melbourne

“…These results align with Chakraborty et al [ 20 ] conducted in north India, which reported that the SUHI increased during the lockdown whilst human activity declined. The aforementioned results are in contrast with the findings of El Kenawy et al [ 97 ], Hidalgo García and Arco Díaz [ 98 ], Alqasemi, et al [ 99 ], Cai, et al [ 100 ] and Shikwambana et al [ 101 ], who found that the nighttime SUHI intensity in the Mediterranean and Spanish cities and South Africa decreased during the lockdown. The authors reported that the decline in the nighttime SUHI intensity could be attributed to the improvement in air quality during the lockdown.…”

Changes in air pollution, land surface temperature, and urban heat islands during the COVID-19 lockdown in three Chinese urban agglomerations

“…Notable declines were widely observed in China ( Agarwal et al, 2020 ), Pakistan ( Ali et al, 2021 ), Germany ( Cao et al, 2022 ), France ( Kovács, 2022 ), Malaysia ( Abdullah et al, 2020 ), Chile ( Toro et al, 2021 ), and the USA ( Bekbulat et al, 2021 ). Similarly, decreases in fine particles (PM 2.5 ) and CO were observed due to factory production and traffic restrictions ( Alqasemi et al, 2021 ; Hidalgo García and Arco Díaz, 2022 ; Jamei et al, 2022 ). In contrast, the change in SO 2 was ambiguous ( Hidalgo García and Arco Díaz, 2022 ; Tyagi et al, 2021 ), and even the opposite trend in O 3 was observed ( Cao et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Similarly, decreases in fine particles (PM 2.5 ) and CO were observed due to factory production and traffic restrictions ( Alqasemi et al, 2021 ; Hidalgo García and Arco Díaz, 2022 ; Jamei et al, 2022 ). In contrast, the change in SO 2 was ambiguous ( Hidalgo García and Arco Díaz, 2022 ; Tyagi et al, 2021 ), and even the opposite trend in O 3 was observed ( Cao et al, 2022 ). However, the air quality in some economically underdeveloped areas has not been improved because of the COVID-19 lockdowns ( Mandal et al, 2022 ; Martinez-Soto et al, 2021 ).…”

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Thermal Effects Caused by Heat Waves through Remote Sensing

“…Conversely, the LST of the cities was estimated using Sentinel 3 images, and the environmental pollution values (CO, NO 2 , SO 2 , O 3 and aerosols) were derived from Sentinel-5P images. Some parts of this methodology have been used in other previous studies obtaining good results [71,72]. The VOCs and BVOCs were not taken into account in this investigation, since they cannot be measured by the Sentinel-5P or by the government meteorological stations.…”