“…A large number of studies on the topics of DPC, FA, NC, and FP have used a multidimensional and board concept of performance, encompassing various aspects of competitiveness, operations, and management excellence and addressing the notion of performance over time (Aloulou, 2019a;Aloulou, 2023;Alsadi & Aloulou, 2021), as well as distinguishing between intermediate and final outcomes (Jiang et al, 2023;Jun et al, 2022;Khan & Tao, 2022;Liang et al, 2010;Mikalef & Pateli, 2017;Ramdan & Abdullah, 2021;Sarwar et al, 2023;Wielgos et al, 2021). The challenge of measuring FP as a unidimensional construct (Ashrafi et al, 2019;Bhatti et al, 2022) or a bi-dimensional construct (Khalil et al, 2023) still persists in the field of performance topic.…”