Impacts of introducing and lifting nonpharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 daily growth rate and compliance in the United States

Singh, Surya; Shaikh, Mujaheed; Hauck, Katharina; Miraldo, Marisa

doi:10.1073/pnas.2021359118

Cited by 79 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Regarding the impact of policy change on the COVID-19 transmission, our findings are consistent with previous studies. Studies have reported that policies, such as school closure, shelter-in-place orders, bans on large social gatherings, were associated with a significant decline in the incidence of COVID-19 in the U.S. [47][48][49][50]. In our study, most of the districts observed a similar impact of policies on the COVID-19 transmission.…”

Section: Power-law Relationship Between Cumulative Case Count and Population Sizesupporting

confidence: 71%

“…A small difference in the transmission can be attributed to several factors, such as population size, urbanization, and demographic factors. A study by Singh et al (2021) found that policies were more effective in counties with nonWhite populations, possibly due to a wider spread shutdown of businesses, and in counties with a higher median household income that can be attributed to potential stronger compliance, due to having more flexibility to work remotely in these counties [49].…”

Section: Power-law Relationship Between Cumulative Case Count and Population Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatially Refined Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers of COVID-19 by Health District in Georgia, USA, March–December 2020

et al. 2021

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This study quantifies the transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 across public health districts in Georgia, USA, and tests if per capita cumulative case count varies across counties. To estimate the time-varying reproduction number, Rt of SARS-CoV-2 in Georgia and its 18 public health districts, we apply the R package ‘EpiEstim’ to the time series of historical daily incidence of confirmed cases, 2 March–15 December 2020. The epidemic curve is shifted backward by nine days to account for the incubation period and delay to testing. Linear regression is performed between log10-transformed per capita cumulative case count and log10-transformed population size. We observe Rt fluctuations as state and countywide policies are implemented. Policy changes are associated with increases or decreases at different time points. Rt increases, following the reopening of schools for in-person instruction in August. Evidence suggests that counties with lower population size had a higher per capita cumulative case count on June 15 (slope = −0.10, p = 0.04) and October 15 (slope = −0.05, p = 0.03), but not on August 15 (slope = −0.04, p = 0.09), nor December 15 (slope = −0.02, p = 0.41). We found extensive community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across all 18 health districts in Georgia with median 7-day-sliding window Rt estimates between 1 and 1.4 after March 2020.

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Section: Power-law Relationship Between Cumulative Case Count and Population Sizesupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Power-law Relationship Between Cumulative Case Count and Population Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Refined Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers of COVID-19 by Health District in Georgia, USA, March–December 2020

et al. 2021

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“…At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, at exoand macrosystem levels, non-pharmaceutical public health interventions were implemented to slow the spread of the virus (Mervosh et al, 2020;Singh et al, 2021) and there was uncertainty about the virus and potential duration of the pandemic (Koffman et al, 2020). Menter et al (2020) explained:…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent–Child Relationships and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Qualitative Study with Parents in Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood

et al. 2021

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families is currently unknown. Parents and children have experienced a variety of changes as public health interventions have been implemented to slow the spread of the virus. The current exploratory qualitative study recruited parents (n = 365) in early (ages 20-34), middle (ages 35-64), and late (ages 65 and older) adulthood to understand how the early weeks of the pandemic influenced their parent-child relationships. Participants completed an online survey between March 21 and 31, 2020. Three themes emerged through qualitative content analysis: (1) relational steadiness, (2) navigating COVID-19 challenges in relationships, and (3) relational enhancement.

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“…This study adds to a growing literature that has examined the effect of NPIs on the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and social distancing behaviors. Some existing studies have used cellular phone mobility tracking and have found that the implementation of SIP policies leads to small changes in mobility with weaker effects on mobility in the U.S. compared to Europe (Berry et al 2021;Singh et al 2021;Askitas, Tatsiramos, and Verheyden 2021;Xu 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the U.S. context, there were important differences based on income, with larger increases in physical distancing for individuals in high-income neighborhoods than individuals in lowincome neighborhoods (Jay et al 2020;Singh et al 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Responses on Excess Mortality

Agrawal¹,

Cantor²,

Sood³

et al. 2021

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As a way of slowing COVID-19 transmission, many countries and U.S. states implemented shelter-in-place (SIP) policies. However, the effects of SIP policies on public health are a priori ambiguous as they might have unintended adverse effects on health. The effect of SIP policies on COVID-19 transmission and physical mobility is mixed. To understand the net effects of SIP policies, we measure the change in excess deaths following the implementation of SIP policies in 43 countries and all U.S. states. We use an event study framework to quantify changes in the number of excess deaths after the implementation of a SIP policy. We find that following the implementation of SIP policies, excess mortality increases. The increase in excess mortality is statistically significant in the immediate weeks following SIP implementation for the international comparison only and occurs despite the fact that there was a decline in the number of excess deaths prior to the implementation of the policy. At the U.S. state-level, excess mortality increases in the immediate weeks following SIP introduction and then trends below zero following 20 weeks of SIP implementation. We failed to find that countries or U.S. states that implemented SIP policies earlier, and in which SIP policies had longer to operate, had lower excess deaths than countries/U.S. states that were slower to implement SIP policies. We also failed to observe differences in excess death trends before and after the implementation of SIP policies based on pre-SIP COVID-19 death rates.

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Impacts of introducing and lifting nonpharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 daily growth rate and compliance in the United States

Cited by 79 publications

References 18 publications

Spatially Refined Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers of COVID-19 by Health District in Georgia, USA, March–December 2020

Spatially Refined Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers of COVID-19 by Health District in Georgia, USA, March–December 2020

Parent–Child Relationships and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Qualitative Study with Parents in Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Policy Responses on Excess Mortality

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