Impacts of human movement and ventilation mode on the indoor environment, droplet evaporation, and aerosol transmission risk at airport terminals

Zhao, Yu; Yao, Feng; Ma, Liangdong

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109527

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Thermal manikins are also helpful in assessing the spread of airborne particles in indoor environments. Their usage can even be extended to analyzing the influence of human body movements on droplet aerodynamics (Cao et al 2017 ; Feng et al 2021 ; Zhao et al 2022b ). The advantages of thermal manikins lie in their flexibility in controlling study parameters and use in hazardous environments compared with human subjects (Psikuta et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Experimental Methods To Analyze Droplet Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

et al. 2023

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Transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 is still ongoing despite mass vaccination, lockdowns, and other drastic measures to control the pandemic. This is due partly to our lack of understanding on the multiphase flow mechanics that control droplet transport and viral transmission dynamics. Various models of droplet evaporation have been reported, yet there is still limited knowledge about the influence of physicochemical parameters on the transport of respiratory droplets carrying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here we review the effects of initial droplet size, environmental conditions, virus mutation, and non-volatile components on droplet evaporation and dispersion, and on virus stability. We present experimental and computational methods to analyze droplet transport, and factors controlling transport and evaporation. Methods include thermal manikins, flow techniques, aerosol-generating techniques, nucleic acid-based assays, antibody-based assays, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, field-effect transistor-based assay, and discrete and gas-phase modeling. Controlling factors include environmental conditions, turbulence, ventilation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, droplet size distribution, non-volatile components, evaporation and mutation. Current results show that medium-sized droplets, e.g., 50 µm, are sensitive to relative humidity. Medium-sized droplets experience delayed evaporation at high relative humidity, and increase airborne lifetime and travel distance. By contrast, at low relative humidity, medium-sized droplets quickly shrink to droplet nuclei and follow the cough jet. Virus inactivation within a few hours generally occurs at temperatures above 40 °C, and the presence of viral particles in aerosols impedes droplet evaporation.

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Section: Experimental Methods To Analyze Droplet Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

et al. 2023

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“…Compared to the renormalization group (RNG) k-ε, the model computation time is lower [32,33]. Also, the realizable k-ε turbulence models have been widely used to simulate airflow in building interiors and train compartments in recent years [18,34]. Therefore, the realizable k-ε model was used in this study.…”

Section: Solution Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of the Fresh Air Volume on the Removal of Cough-Released Droplets in a Passenger Car of a High-Speed Train Using CFD

Xu,

Bi,

et al. 2024

CMES

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The spread and removal of pollution sources, namely, cough-released droplets in three different areas (front, middle, and rear areas) of a fully-loaded passenger car in a high-speed train under different fresh air flow volume were studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. In addition, the structure of indoor flow fields was also analysed. The results show that the large eddies are more stable and flow faster in the air supply under Mode 2 (fresh air volume: 2200 m 3 /h) compared to Mode 1 (fresh air volume: 1100 m 3 /h). By analysing the spreading process of droplets sprayed at different locations in the passenger car and with different particle sizes, the removal trends for droplets are found to be similar under the two air supply modes. However, when increasing the fresh air flow volume, the droplets in the middle and front areas of the passenger car are removed faster. When the droplets had dispersed for 60 s, Mode 2 exhibited a removal rate approximately 1%-3% higher than Mode 1 for small and medium-sized droplets with diameters of 10 and 50 μm. While those in the rear area, the situation is reversed, with Mode 1 slightly surpassing Mode 2 by 1%-3%. For large droplets with a diameter of 100 μm, both modes achieved a removal rate of over 96% in all three regions at the 60 s. The results can provide guidance for air supply modes of passenger cars of high-speed trains, thus suppressing the spread of virus-carrying droplets and reducing the risk of viral infection among passengers.

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“…The authors found that some zones present increased convective exchange of air, while others show lower convective exchange rates as “dead zones” in corners far away from the filter. Zhao et al (2022b) simulated the human droplets (1-15 μm) dispersion with human movement in an airport terminal (14 × 20 × 20 m) for walking, leeward walking, and cross-wind walking. Results showed that human movement causes the presence of backward and upward thermal plumes due to body movement and human heat.…”

Section: Particle Dispersion Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-laden droplet nuclei in vortical structures associated with recirculation zones in indoor environments: A possible airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Martínez-Espinosa¹,

Carvajal-Mariscal

2023

Environmental Advances

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Impacts of human movement and ventilation mode on the indoor environment, droplet evaporation, and aerosol transmission risk at airport terminals

Cited by 18 publications

References 53 publications

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

Influences of the Fresh Air Volume on the Removal of Cough-Released Droplets in a Passenger Car of a High-Speed Train Using CFD

Virus-laden droplet nuclei in vortical structures associated with recirculation zones in indoor environments: A possible airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

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