“…The model predicts that the front section of the heat exchanger will see a majority of the deposition, while the heat exchanger surface further downstream will remain relatively clean. This agrees with experimental observations reported in the literature [39,36,37,35]. There is a small increase in the deposition fraction each hour as the heat exchanger is progressively fouled, from 70.4% during the first fouling period to 71.4% for the last period.…”
Section: Model Predictionssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The experimental results of Pak et al [39] and Yang et al [36] are used for validating the model predictions; inputs required for the model regarding the heat exchanger geometry, such as the tube pitches in transverse and streamwise directions of airflow, fin pitches, and fin thickness, are available from these studies. In both sets of experiments, the heat exchangers to be tested were installed in a wind tunnel and connected to hot water loops for measuring the heat transfer performance.…”
Section: Experimental Results Used For Model Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The injection of dust is then stopped and steady-state performance is measured in a fouled condition [3,24,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Bott and Bemrose [3] claimed that the periodic nature of this testing approach does not affect the phenomenon of fouling.…”
Section: Deposition Due To Turbulencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Yang et al [36] and Bell and Groll [37] observed that a majority of the fouled dust was deposited on the front face of the coil, and photographs showed that rear faces remained clean. Pak et al [39] reported that dust accumulated more at the leading edges of fins, and that dust particles formed bridged shapes which reduced the front-facing open flow area. Ahn and Lee [35] reported that the fouling deposits were observed to have formed within 5 mm of the frontal air inlet to the heat exchanger surface, while the rear faces were fairly clean.…”
Section: Streamwise Distribution Of Deposited Dustmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A primary potential source of error in the results is that some geometric parameters of the modeled heat exchangers have not been specified in the literature [39,36]. Critical parameters including the fin thickness and dimensions of the louvers, lances, and wavy structures of the fins were estimated from published photographs or practical experience.…”
Section: Sources Of Discrepancy Between Model and Experiments 431 Unmentioning
Air-to-refrigerant heat exchangers used in heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems routinely experience air-side fouling due to the presence of particulates in outdoor and indoor environments. The influence on the performance of the heat exchanger, in terms of heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop imposed, depends on the extent of air-side fouling. Fouling of a heat exchanger is determined by a variety of parameters such as the dimensions of the heat exchanger, physical properties of the airborne particulates, and airflow conditions over the heat exchange surfaces. A comprehensive model is developed to deterministically calculate the extent of fouling of a heat exchanger as a function of these parameters by accounting for each of the possible deposition mechanisms. The study enhances modeling approaches previously employed in the literature by accounting for time-dependent accumulation of particles as well as the effects of the streamwise distribution of accumulated dust on subsequent fouling; the calculations for the deposition due to several of the mechanisms are also refined to improve prediction accuracy. Particulate matter deposits already present on the surface are found to accelerate the process of fouling by decreasing available area for airflow; an existing deposit layer effectively decreases the distance that a particle must travel to collide with a surface and increases the surface area available for deposition. The modified model predictions are compared against extant experimental deposition fraction data; an improved agreement is observed compared to previous models in the literature.
“…The model predicts that the front section of the heat exchanger will see a majority of the deposition, while the heat exchanger surface further downstream will remain relatively clean. This agrees with experimental observations reported in the literature [39,36,37,35]. There is a small increase in the deposition fraction each hour as the heat exchanger is progressively fouled, from 70.4% during the first fouling period to 71.4% for the last period.…”
Section: Model Predictionssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The experimental results of Pak et al [39] and Yang et al [36] are used for validating the model predictions; inputs required for the model regarding the heat exchanger geometry, such as the tube pitches in transverse and streamwise directions of airflow, fin pitches, and fin thickness, are available from these studies. In both sets of experiments, the heat exchangers to be tested were installed in a wind tunnel and connected to hot water loops for measuring the heat transfer performance.…”
Section: Experimental Results Used For Model Comparisonmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The injection of dust is then stopped and steady-state performance is measured in a fouled condition [3,24,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Bott and Bemrose [3] claimed that the periodic nature of this testing approach does not affect the phenomenon of fouling.…”
Section: Deposition Due To Turbulencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Yang et al [36] and Bell and Groll [37] observed that a majority of the fouled dust was deposited on the front face of the coil, and photographs showed that rear faces remained clean. Pak et al [39] reported that dust accumulated more at the leading edges of fins, and that dust particles formed bridged shapes which reduced the front-facing open flow area. Ahn and Lee [35] reported that the fouling deposits were observed to have formed within 5 mm of the frontal air inlet to the heat exchanger surface, while the rear faces were fairly clean.…”
Section: Streamwise Distribution Of Deposited Dustmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A primary potential source of error in the results is that some geometric parameters of the modeled heat exchangers have not been specified in the literature [39,36]. Critical parameters including the fin thickness and dimensions of the louvers, lances, and wavy structures of the fins were estimated from published photographs or practical experience.…”
Section: Sources Of Discrepancy Between Model and Experiments 431 Unmentioning
Air-to-refrigerant heat exchangers used in heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems routinely experience air-side fouling due to the presence of particulates in outdoor and indoor environments. The influence on the performance of the heat exchanger, in terms of heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop imposed, depends on the extent of air-side fouling. Fouling of a heat exchanger is determined by a variety of parameters such as the dimensions of the heat exchanger, physical properties of the airborne particulates, and airflow conditions over the heat exchange surfaces. A comprehensive model is developed to deterministically calculate the extent of fouling of a heat exchanger as a function of these parameters by accounting for each of the possible deposition mechanisms. The study enhances modeling approaches previously employed in the literature by accounting for time-dependent accumulation of particles as well as the effects of the streamwise distribution of accumulated dust on subsequent fouling; the calculations for the deposition due to several of the mechanisms are also refined to improve prediction accuracy. Particulate matter deposits already present on the surface are found to accelerate the process of fouling by decreasing available area for airflow; an existing deposit layer effectively decreases the distance that a particle must travel to collide with a surface and increases the surface area available for deposition. The modified model predictions are compared against extant experimental deposition fraction data; an improved agreement is observed compared to previous models in the literature.
The effect of faults on the cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, and sensible heat ratio, was analyzed and compared for five split and rooftop systems, which use different types of expansion devices, compressors and refrigerants. The study applied multivariable polynomial and normalized performance models, which were developed for the studied systems for both fault-free and faulty conditions based on measurements obtained in a laboratory under controlled conditions. The analysis indicated differences in responses and trends between the studied systems, which underscores the challenge to devise a universal FDD algorithm for all vapor compression systems and the difficulty to develop a methodology for rating the performance of different FDD algorithms.
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