Impacts of foot-and-mouth disease on livelihoods in the Borena Plateau of Ethiopia

Jibat, Tariku; Admassu, Berhanu; Rufael, Tesfaye; Baumann, M. P. O.; Pötzsch, Carsten Jochen

doi:10.1186/2041-7136-3-5

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The clinical indicators described by the pastoralists indicated that they were aware of most clinical presentations of the disease. Indeed most of the signs listed for FMD were consistent with those reported in different PE studies (Catley et al, 2001;Catley et al,2004).Similarly, pastoralists in the Borena Plateau of Ethiopia recognized FMD as cattle disease locally called Hoyalee with the clinical signs and indicators of kissing sound, salivation, lameness/footsore, mouth lesions and contagiousness (Jibat et al, 2013). FMD is known to be characterized by fever, profuse salivation, vesicles in the mouth and on the feet and a drastic reduction in milk production, with sudden death in Figure 5.Proportional seasonal scores of FMD impacts in Fulani pastoral communities of Niger State.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Participatory epidemiological survey of foot-and-mouth disease among some cattle diseases in some pastoral communities of Niger, north central, Nigeria

Wungak¹,

Alhaji²,

Lazarus³

et al. 2019

Nig. Vet. J.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is known to cause significant financial losses, making it a threat to the livelihood and food security. Disease surveillance in pastoral areas are often difficult because human populations are relatively small and highly mobile, and requires considerable flexibility and commitment. Participatory epidemiological approach was used to assess relative burden, seasonality and perceived risk factors of FMD among other important cattle diseases in cattle population of pastoral communities of North-central, Nigeria. Nine pastoral communities and three key informants from each community were purposively selected for the survey between January and December 2014. Participatory rural appraisal tools were used for participatory exercises. Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance W statistics was used for statistical analyses. Mean proportional piles (relative burden) of FMD (Boru,Chabo) was 17.2%, and pastoralists'agreement on the piles was strong (W=0.6855) and statistically significant (P<0.001). Key informants' perceived risk factors for FMD were: keeping healthy cattle with sick ones (17.2%), high cattle density (16.8%), grazing cattle in areas of FMD outbreaks (12.4%), long distance trekking (10.3%), giving out cattle as gift or payment for dowry (8.2%), and cattle rustling (4.9%). The key informants agreement on the risk factors was strong (W=0.8372) and statistically significant (p<0.01). FMD occurred in all seasons, but more in late rainy season (Damina) and less in late dry season (Rani). Agreement on FMD seasonal occurrence was strong (W=0.8719) and statistically significant (P<0.01). This survey revealed the relative burden and seasonal impacts of FMD in pastoral herds in North-central Nigeria. FMD surveillance, control and prevention programmes that take these factors into consideration will be beneficial to the livestock industry. The combined use of Participatory epidemiological techniques and clinical record of cases is essential for cost effective disease surveillance, reporting and control strategies in Nigeria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Participatory epidemiological survey of foot-and-mouth disease among some cattle diseases in some pastoral communities of Niger, north central, Nigeria

Wungak¹,

Alhaji²,

Lazarus³

et al. 2019

Nig. Vet. J.

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“…A study of pastoralists in Kenya found FMD was again ranked as being the highest impact livestock disease after ECF (Onono et al, 2013). Pastoralists in Borena, Ethiopia reported that FMD was the most important cattle disease (Jibat et al, 2013).…”

Section: Rankingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More?

Knight-Jones

McLaws²,

Rushton

2016

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three‐quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero‐surveys typically find a third of young cattle are sero‐positive, however, the proportion of sero‐positive animals that developed disease, and resulting impact, are unknown. The few smallholder FMD impact studies that have been performed assessed different aspects of impact, using different approaches. They find that FMD impact can be high (>10% of annual household income). However, impact is highly variable, being a function of FMD incidence and dependency on activities affected by FMD. FMD restricts investment in productive but less FMD‐resilient farming methods, however, other barriers to efficient production may exist, reducing the benefits of FMD control. Applying control measures is costly and can have wide‐reaching negative impacts; veterinary‐cordon‐fences may damage wildlife populations, and livestock movement restrictions and trade bans damage farmer profits and the wider economy. When control measures are ineffective, farmers, society and wildlife may experience the burden of control without reducing disease burden. Foot‐and‐mouth disease control has benefitted smallholders in South America and elsewhere. Success takes decades of regional cooperation with effective veterinary services and widespread farmer participation. However, both the likelihood of success and the full cost of control measures must be considered. Controlling FMD in smallholder systems is challenging, particularly when movement restrictions are hard to enforce. In parts of Africa this is compounded by endemically infected wildlife and limited vaccine performance. This paper reviews FMD impact on smallholders in endemic countries. Significant evidence gaps exist and guidance on the design of FMD impact studies is provided.

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“…The socioeconomic impact of the disease could be significant in Ethiopia where livestock, in particular cattle (which constitute about 71% of the total livestock biomass), play multiple roles in the household and national economies. In addition to the conventional meat and milk products, cattle provide about 80% of draft power for the crop agriculture, manure for soil fertilizer and cooking fuel, and serve various social networking functions (MoARD, ; Jibat et al., ). Livestock is also an important foreign currency earning resource for the national economy through export of meat and live animals (Behnke, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

Jemberu

Mourits

Sahle

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This study aimed at determining the incidence, distribution, risk factors, and causal serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Ethiopia based on 5 years of retrospective outbreak data (September 2007 until August 2012). District level outbreak data were collected from 115 randomly selected districts using a questionnaire administered to district animal health officers. The national incidence of FMD outbreaks during the study period was 1.45 outbreaks per five district years. Outbreaks were geographically widespread affecting all major regional states in the country and were more frequent in the central, southern, and southeastern parts of the country. Neither long-term nor seasonal trends were observed in the incidence of outbreaks. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis revealed that the type of production system (market oriented system versus subsistence systems), presence of a major livestock market and/or route, and adjacency to a national parks or wildlife sanctuary were found to be associated with increased risk of outbreaks in the districts. FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT 2, and SAT 1 were identified as the causal serotypes of the outbreaks during the study period. Whereas O was the dominant serotype, SAT 2 was the serotype that showed increase in relative frequency of occurrence. The estimated incidence of outbreaks is useful in assessing the economic impacts of the disease, and the identified risk factors provide important knowledge to target a progressive FMD control policy for Ethiopia.

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Impacts of foot-and-mouth disease on livelihoods in the Borena Plateau of Ethiopia

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Participatory epidemiological survey of foot-and-mouth disease among some cattle diseases in some pastoral communities of Niger, north central, Nigeria

Participatory epidemiological survey of foot-and-mouth disease among some cattle diseases in some pastoral communities of Niger, north central, Nigeria

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More?

Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

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