Impacts of Fire‐Suppression Activities on Natural Communities

Abstract

The ecological impacts of wildland fire-suppression activities can be significant and may surpass the impacts of the fire itself. A recent paradigm shift from fire control to fire management has resulted in increased attention to minimizing the negative effects of suppression. While the philosophy behind minimumimpact suppression tactics has provided a good first step in this direction, increased attention to the ecological effects of suppression is needed, especially in the management of public lands. We reviewed the potential impacts of suppression on land, air, and water resources and the impacts of using fire to help control fire. Effects on land resources include erosion, which is exacerbated by the construction of fire lines, temporary roads, and helicopter pads, and some postfire rehabilitation activities. Although the fire itself is the most obvious source of air pollution, the vehicles used in suppression activities contribute to this problem and to noise pollution. Water resources, including aquatic flora and fauna, may be seriously affected by suppression activities that can increase erosion, sedimentation, turbidity, and chemical contamination. Finally, the use of backburns and burnout operations contributes to the risk of soil and water contamination, increases the total area burned, and promotes more intense fires or more homogeneous burned areas. Although no fire-management strategy should be applied uniformly, some general techniques such as use of natural clearings, natural barriers, and appropriately sized fire lines, "leave no-trace" camping, and careful application of fuels and retardants can be employed to minimize the impacts of suppression.Resumen: Los impactos ecológicos de actividades de supresión de incendios pueden ser significativos y pueden rebasar los impactos del fuego mismo. Un reciente cambio de paradigma de control de fuego a manejo de fuego ha resultado en mayor interés para minimizar los efectos negativos de la supresión. Mientras que la filosofía subyacente en las tácticas de supresión con mínimo impacto ha proporcionado un buen primer paso en esa dirección, se requiere mayor atención a los efectos negativos de la supresión, especialmente en la gestión de tierras públicas. Revisamos los impactos potenciales de la supresión sobre recursos terrestres, aéreos y acuáticos y los impactos de la utilización de fuego para ayudar a controlar fuego. Los impactos sobre recursos terrestres incluyen erosión, que se agrava por la construcción de guardarrayas, caminos temporales y plataformas para helicópteros, y algunas actividades de rehabilitación post-incendio. Aunque el fuego mismo es la fuente más obvia de contaminación del aire, los vehículos utilizados en actividades de supresión contribuyen a este problema y a la contaminación acústica. Los recursos acuáticos, incluyendo la flora y fauna, pueden ser afectados seriamente por actividades de supresión que pueden incrementar la erosión, sedimentación, turbidez y contaminación química. Finalmente, la utilización de retroquemas y operacio...

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