Impacts of data sampling on the interpretation of normal fault propagation and segment linkage

Tao, Ze; Alves, Tiago Marcos

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.03.013

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The smoothing of the fault when every 32 nd line is used for fault picking is reflected in the narrower range in predicted dilation tendency values ( Figure 13). A similar finding has also been recorded by Tao and Alves (2019), where the stability of the fault increases when using coarser picking strategies.…”

Section: Fault Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Up until recently, no papers have documented any optimum sampling strategies for fault interpretation in order to make sure all fault details have been captured at an ideal resolution (Tao and Alves, 2019). Tao and Alves (2019) documented an optimum Sampling Interval/Fault length ratio (δ) parameter, where the longer the fault, a shorter sampling distance is required. A δ of 0.03 is suggested for faults that are over 3.5 km in length (as is in this case example), i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manzocchi et al, 2010), and sampling gaps can be caused by incorrect sampling strategies (Kim and Sanderson, 2005;Torabi and Berg, 2011), which in turn will reduce the accuracy of all fault analysis performed. Further, different seismic interpretation techniques, specifically using different seismic line spacing, will influence the resolution of the final fault surface produced, and hence may cause inaccuracies when interpreting fault segmentation (Tao and Alves, 2019).…”

Section: Fault Growth Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up until recently no standardized picking strategies have been documented for fault growth models and reactivation analysis. Tao and Alves (2019) documented an approach combining seismic and outcrop at different scales to identify a best practice methodology for fault interpretation based on fault size. However, no studies have addressed how differences in picking strategies may influence any fault seal analysis performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Michie¹,

Mulrooney²,

Braathen³

2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Significant uncertainties occur through varying methodologies when interpreting faults using seismic data. These uncertainties are carried through to the interpretation of how faults may act as baffles/barriers or increase fluid flow. How fault segments are picked when interpreting structures, i.e. what seismic line spacing is specified, as well as what surface generation algorithm is used, will dictate how detailed the surface is, and hence will impact any further interpretation such as fault seal or fault growth models. We can observe that an optimum spacing for fault interpretation for this case study is set at approximately 100 m. It appears that any additional detail through interpretation with a line spacing of ≤ 50 m adds complexity associated with sensitivities by the individual interpreter. Further, the location of all fault segmentation identified on Throw-Distance plots using the finest line spacing are also observed when 100 m line spacing is used. Hence, interpreting at a finer scale may not necessarily improve the subsurface model and any related analysis, but in fact lead to the production of very rough surfaces, which impacts any further fault analysis. Interpreting on spacing greater than 100 m often leads to overly smoothed fault surfaces that miss details that could be crucial, both for fault seal as well as for fault growth models. Uncertainty in seismic interpretation methodology will follow through to fault seal analysis, specifically for analysis of whether in situ stresses combined with increased pressure through CO2 injection will act to reactivate the faults, leading to up-fault fluid flow/seep. We have shown that changing picking strategies alter the interpreted stability of the fault, where picking with an increased line spacing has shown to increase the overall fault stability. Picking strategy has shown to have minor, although potentially crucial, impact on the predicted Shale Gouge Ratio.

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Section: Fault Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fault Growth Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Michie¹,

Mulrooney²,

Braathen³

2021

Preprint

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“…Moreover, according to Tao et al [47] and Iezzi et al [41,48], the aspect of the surface faulting is influenced by fault geometry and, in particular, fault segmentation and/or change of direction (bending). It is to be taken into account that this work had the opportunity to analyze only a short section of the PTP fault, whose effective length is reasonably much higher than the portion ruptured at the surface during the 30 October mainshock.…”

Section: Study Area 2-prate Pala Fault (Ptp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Field Mapping and Drone-Aided Survey for Structural Geological Data Collection and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Case of the 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes

Cirillo

2020

Applied Sciences

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In this work, a high-resolution survey of the coseismic ground ruptures due to the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence, performed through a dedicated software installed on a digital device, is strengthened by the analysis of a set of drone-acquired images. We applied this integrated approach to two active sections of the Mt Vettore active fault segment which, in the Castelluccio di Norcia plain (central Italy), were affected by surface faulting after the most energetic events of the sequence: the 24 August, Mw 6.0, Amatrice and 30 October, Mw 6.5, Norcia earthquakes. The main aim is to establish the range in which the results obtained measuring the same structures using different tools vary. An operating procedure, which can be helpful to map extensive sets of coseismic ground ruptures especially where the latter affects wide, poorly accessible, or dangerous areas, is also proposed. We compared datasets collected through different technologies, including faults attitude, dip-angles, coseismic displacements, and slip vectors. After assessing the accuracy of the results, even at centimetric resolutions, we conclude that the structural dataset obtained through remote sensing techniques shows a high degree of reliability.

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Under-Displaced Normal Faults: Strain Accommodation along an Early-Stage Rift-Bounding Fault in the Southern Malawi Rift

Ojo

Ohenhen

Kolawole

et al. 2022

Preprint

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One of the fundamental problems in continental rift segmentation and propagation is how strain is accommodated along large rift-bounding faults (border faults) since the segmentation of propagating border faults control the expression of rift zones, syn-rift depo-centers, and long-term basin evolution. In the Southern Malawi Rift, where previous studies on the earlystage rifting only assessed border fault structure from surficial and topographic expression, we integrate surface and subsurface data to investigate border fault segmentation, linkage, and growth as proxies for strain accommodation along the Bilila-Mtakataka Fault (BMF) System. We used 30 m-resolution topographic relief maps, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and high-resolution aeromagnetic data to characterize the detailed fault geometry and provide a more robust estimate of along-fault displacement distribution. Our results reveal a discrepancy between sub-aerial segmentation of the BMF geometry (six segments), scarp height (five segments) reflecting the most recent episodes of fault offset, and cumulative throw (three composite segments) reflecting the long-term fault offset. We also observe that although the BMF exhibits continuity of sub-aerial scarps along its length, the throw distribution shows a higher estimate at the Northern-to-Central segment relay zone (423 m absolute, 364 m moving median) compared to the Central-to-Southern segment relay zone (371 m absolute, 297 m moving median). The ERT profiles across the relay zones suggest a shallower basement and a possible canyon-mouth alluvial fan stratigraphy at the Central-to-Southern segment relay zone, contrasting the deeper basement and "simpler" electrical stratigraphy at the Northern-to-Central relay. The results suggest a more complex long-term evolution of the BMF than was assumed in previous studies. A comparison of BMF's maximum displacement-vs-length with those of other Malawi Rift border faults and global normal fault populations suggest that although the BMF has possibly reached its maximum length, it remains largely under-displaced as its 580-837 m maximum displacement is significantly lower than that of faults of equivalent length. We suggest that the BMF may continue to accrue significant strain as tectonic extension progresses in the Southern Malawi Rift, thus posing a major seismic hazard in the region.

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Impacts of data sampling on the interpretation of normal fault propagation and segment linkage

Cited by 34 publications

References 65 publications

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Digital Field Mapping and Drone-Aided Survey for Structural Geological Data Collection and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Case of the 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes

Under-Displaced Normal Faults: Strain Accommodation along an Early-Stage Rift-Bounding Fault in the Southern Malawi Rift

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Impacts of data sampling on the interpretation of normal fault propagation and segment linkage

Cited by 34 publications

References 65 publications

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage

Digital Field Mapping and Drone-Aided Survey for Structural Geological Data Collection and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Case of the 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes

Under-Displaced Normal Faults: Strain Accommodation along an Early-Stage Rift-Bounding Fault in the Southern Malawi Rift

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage

Fault Interpretation Uncertainties using Seismic Data, and the Effects on Fault Seal Analysis: A Case Study from the Horda Platform, with Implications for CO<sub>2</sub> storage