Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Stable Lead Isotope Compositions In Selected Coals From Around The World And Implications For Present Day Aerosol Source Tracing

“…Though unleaded petrol was introduced in Australia in 1986, the market share of leaded petrol in Australia and New Zealand was still more than 50% in 1993. In Indonesia, the non radiogenic Pb in the aerosols (collected in the 1990) (15) are likely due to the presence of leaded gasoline as the phase-out of leaded gasoline began in Indonesia only in 2001 (44).…”

Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China

“…Cr might be mainly attributed by industrial activities. For a long time, high concentrations of Pb has been recognized as closely interrelated with the utilization of leaded gasoline in traffic activities [ 54 ]. In addition, wide use of composted materials, liquid manure, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is blamed for Zn pollution, as well as the industrial sources [ 55 ].…”

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“…When lichens are exposed to high levels of these heavy metals, they can exhibit various symptoms of damage and stress such as chlorosis and necrosis. This discoloration occurs due to the disruption of chlorophyll production and photosynthetic processes (Cevik et al, 2008;Kondo et al, 2017). The accumulation of heavy metals can disrupt cellular functions and lead to the death of lichen tissues, resulting in the browning or blackening of affected areas (Benitez et al, 2018;Kaffer et al, 2011).…”

“…The ability of lichen to accumulate pollutants over time makes it able to provide a historical record of pollution levels in the area. Additionally, using lichens as bioindicator or biomonitor is cost-effective and nondestructive survey, making them suitable for long-term monitoring studies (Giordani, 2007;Sett and Kundu 2016;Kondo et al, 2017;and Benitez et al, 2018).…”

“…Air pollution, especially from industrial activities and vehicle emissions, introduces various harmful substances into the atmosphere AlKhalil, 2019, Aldgini et al, 2019). Studies conducted in cities across Indonesia, including Jakarta, Semarang, Pekan Baru, Kendari, and Medan, have provided valuable insights into the relationship between lichens and air pollution (Kondo et al, 2017).…”