Impacts of bad data injection on power systems security: Intruder point of view

Detection and isolation of false data injection attack for smart grids via unknown input observers

“…where F i is the ith row of respectively. For the grid system in (17) and (18), the form of unknown input observer is designed as…”

“…In this subsection, the UIO-based detection and isolation algorithm against FDIA is proposed. The theoretical basis of the proposed algorithm is given as follows: firstly, a bank of UIOs for the grid system (17) and (18) are designed. Next, a set of residuals r i t , i = 1, 2, …, n are obtained correspondingly.…”

“…Based on these works, the KF-based state estimation detection techniques are proposed to detect the cyber-physical attacks by comparing the detection residuals with the precomputed threshold [8][9][10]. However, since only measurements are used for state estimation, Kalman filter (KF)-based bad data detection technique could be bypassed by the FDIA [15][16][17]. For FDIA detection, some scholars have studied how the FDIA are injected fraudulently into smart grids [18,19].…”