Impacts of Animal Manure Management on Ground and Surface Water Quality

Sharpley, Andrew N.; Meisinger, J. J.; Breeuwsma, A.; Sims, J. T.; Daniel, T. C.; Schepers, J. S.; Hatfield, Jerry L.; Stewart, B. A.

doi:10.1201/9781439822630.ch8

Cited by 108 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Furthermore, both treatments involving application of pig slurry had significantly lower P concentrations in the drainage water than when only mineral P was applied (p < 0.001; table 5 and figure 4). For even higher P application rates, the results might be different, but other studies have also shown that large applications of manure do not increase P leaching or even result in reduced P losses (Sharpley et al 1998;Bergström and Kirchmann 2006). Sharpley et al (2004b) suggested that longterm manure application may change P sorption characteristics, due to increased Ca content in the soil, resulting in smaller amounts of water-extractable PO 4 -P. In the present study, the higher Ca-AL content in the treatment with a high rate of pig slurry may support these findings (table 4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Liu¹,

Aronsson²,

Blombäck³

et al. 2012

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Cropping systems with high phosphorus (P) inputs may constitute a risk of P leaching, which contributes to eutrophication. The main objective of this study was to identify P leaching risks associated with three long-term fertilization regimes in separately tile-drained plots on a sandy soil in southwest Sweden. The three regimes resulted in different annual P surpluses of, on average, 16 kg P ha −1 (14 lb P ac) in mineral form and 18 kg P ha −1 (16 lb P ac) and 37 kg P ha −1 (33 lb P ac) as pig slurry. The importance of different soil characteristics (soil P, iron, aluminum, and calcium content, and degree of P saturation [DPS]) and processes (water flow and P sorption/desorption) was examined using 15 years (1989 to 2003) of P leaching measurements and simulations with the ICECREAM model. Measurements of high soil P content and DPS values in the topsoil, in combination with high precipitation and rapid water flow, indicated a high potential for P losses, which was confirmed by the model simulations. However, the model considerably overestimated total P leaching by a factor of 5 to 9 since measured P leaching was small for all treatments. Measured mean annual total P leaching and total P concentration ranged respectively from 0.14 kg ha ) in the mineral P treatment. The differences in concentration were statistically significant (p < 0.001). A main conclusion from this 15-year study was that annual pig slurry application rates of 37 to 58 kg P ha −1 (33 to 52 lb P ac −1 ) did not increase P leaching. High sorption capacity of the subsoil, caused by Fe, Al, and Ca, was obviously very important for controlling P losses. Thus, information on soil P content and fertilization must be supplemented with estimates of soil P sorption capacity when evaluating the risk of P leaching for different soils. This must also be considered in models used for assessment of P leaching from arable land. The current ICECREAM model does not include appropriate functions for describing P sorption/desorption processes in this type of soil and needs further development. Key words: phosphorus application rate-phosphorus leaching-pig slurry-sorption/ desorption processes-ICECREAM modelAgriculture is estimated to contribute roughly 40% of the phosphorus (P) loading to Swedish fresh waters and the Baltic Sea, which are threatened with accelerating eutrophication (Brandt and Ejhed 2003). The mechanisms and processes behind P transport from agricultural soils to water are complex. Topography, soil texture/structure, soil chemical properties, and precipitation are factors that determine the type of losses (i.e., surface runoff, erosion, or leaching) that dominate for a specific soil, which in turn determines how different management practices affect P losses. One of the most important factors is P fertilization, which can affect P losses in different ways depending on type of fertilizer (inorganic or organic), application rate and method (incorporation or not), and time of application.Excessive applications of P, especially in areas wi...

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mentioning

confidence: 59%

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Liu¹,

Aronsson²,

Blombäck³

et al. 2012

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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“…The lack of difference in runoff between manured (CP) and unmanured (CT) plots is consistent with Gilley et al (1999), who found similar cumulative runoff for both manured and unmanured treatments after long-term applications of manure. NH 4 -N load (1996), b = NH 4 -N load (1997-1998), c = TKN load (1996), d = TKN load (1997-1998. Arrows indicate time of fall manure application.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fall-applied manure practices on runoff, sediment, and nutrient surface transport from silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

Vliet¹,

Zebarth²,

Derksen³

2002

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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G. 2002. Effect of fall-applied manure practices on runoff, sediment, and nutrient surface transport from silage corn in south coastal British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82: [445][446][447][448][449][450][451][452][453][454][455][456]. Runoff from manured cropland during the wet fall and winter season, when 70% of the annual rainfall occurs, is a surface water quality concern in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. This study compares different fall-manure application strategies on runoff and contaminant transport from silage corn (Zea mays) land. The treatments were (i) a control, which did not receive manure in the fall; (ii) manure broadcast in the fall on corn stubble; and (iii) manure broadcast in the fall on corn stubble with an established relay crop. Runoff, solids, and nutrients loads from natural precipitation were measured on replicated experimental plots (0.0125 ha) from 1996 to 1998. Fall-applied manure on 3-5% sloping silage cornland without a relay crop resulted in a high risk to surface water quality, due to high suspended solid loads of between 7 and 14 Mg ha -1 yr -1 and high nutrient transport with mean annual total Kjeldahl N (TKN) P, and K loads of 98, 21, and 63 kg ha -1 , respectively. Compared with no relay crop, intercropping silage corn with a relay crop of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) reduced the mean annual runoff and suspended solid load by 53 and 74%, respectively, TKN load by 56%, P load by 42%, K load by 31%, and Cu load by 57%. Even though total nutrient loads were lower with the relay crop treatment, all fall manure treatments including the relay crop resulted in nutrient loads above guidelines for the first three runoff events immediately following application. Les traitements examinés étaient les suivants : i) culture témoin sans épandage de fumier à l'automne, ii) épandage à la volée sur chaume de maïs à l'automne et iii) épandage à la volée sur chaume de maïs en automne, avec culture intercalaire. Les chercheurs ont dosé le ruissellement, la concentration de solides et la charge de nutriments dans les eaux de pluie sur des parcelles expéri-mentales doubles (0,0125 ha) de 1996 à 1998. L'application de fumier à l'automne dans les champs de maïs d'ensilage d'une déclivité de 3 à 5 %, sans culture intercalaire, entraîne de grands risques de contamination des eaux de surface, à cause de la forte quantité de solides en suspension (7 à 14 mg par hectare annuellement) et de l'important transport des éléments nutritifs, avec une charge annuelle moyenne de 98, de 21 et de 63 kg par hectare, respectivement, pour le TKN, le P et le K. La culture intercalaire de ray-grass d'Italie (Lolium multiflorumI) réduit le ruissellement annuel moyen et la concentration de solides en suspension respectivement de 53 et de 74 %, la charge de TKN de 56 %, celle de P de 42 %, celle de K de 31 % et celle de Cu de 57 %, comparativement aux résultats obtenus sans culture intercalaire. Bien que la culture intercalaire diminue la charge totale d'éléments nutritifs, l'épandage de fumier à l...

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“…A second strategy is preventive and more reliable with respect to residual N. It focuses on a reserved N application and is based on the knowledge that the amount of residual soil N strongly depends on the applied N rates (Jokela and Randall, 1989), that the nitrate pool should at all times be kept as low as possible to avoid losses (Sharpley et al, 1998) and that the apparent nitrogen recovery of silage maize is low (Schröder, 1998). This N balancing remains a major challenge since a reduction of the maize crop N supply may well decrease the amount of residual N significantly (Dinnes et al, 2002) but at the same time it potentially reduces the crop yields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agronomical and environmental evaluation of a long-term experiment with cattle slurry and supplemental inorganic N applications in silage maize

Nevens¹,

Reheul²

2005

European Journal of Agronomy

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During 19 years of research on silage maize grown a fertile sandy loam soil in Flanders, we compared the use of only inorganic nitrogen (S−) with a system of an annual application of dairy cattle slurry (S+, corresponding with an average rate of 180 kg N ha −1 ) supplemented with inorganic fertilizer nitrogen. The objectives were to study the efficiency of slurry-N, to determine the economic optimum of additional fertilizer-N use and to relate this optimum with the local threshold on residual soil nitrate-N. During the last 5 years, the economically optimal fertilizer rates in the S− and the S+ system were centred around 150 and 90 kg N ha −1 , respectively. So, saving on fertilizer N amounted to about 60 kg N ha −1 . At these N rates, the risk for trespassing the local legal threshold value for residual soil nitrate-N content (90 kg ha −1 , 0-90 cm) was small (less than one out of ten seasons); economic and ecological optima of N fertilization concurred well. Meeting the standards of the EU nitrates directive and/or a doubled fertilizer N price would urge to decrease the applied amount of inorganic N by ca. 50 kg ha −1 , resulting in yield losses of about 5% on the studied sandy loam soil with an important content of total N (5300 kg ha −1 , 0-30 cm). The ratio of N-fertilizer replacement to the total amount of applied slurry-N increased during the experimental period to an average level of 59% during the last 5 years.

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Impacts of Animal Manure Management on Ground and Surface Water Quality

Cited by 108 publications

References 69 publications

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Effect of fall-applied manure practices on runoff, sediment, and nutrient surface transport from silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

Agronomical and environmental evaluation of a long-term experiment with cattle slurry and supplemental inorganic N applications in silage maize

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