“…Car ownership in China is about 12% than that of the U.S., but the country suffers from about the same level of road congestion, leaving many questions regarding its emissions trajectory. Another spatial analysis on China was conducted by Chen et al [2] to explore the effects of pollution on health. After analyzing data from 116 cities in China, the existence of adverse health impact of pollution has been proven with a spatial existence, indicating that pollution affects the locals and neighbors' health at the same time.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Xiaong et al [20] have tested the effect of FMD on CO 2 emissions in a single country case of China, but no study has yet tested the effect of FMD in a panel of East Asia. Additionally, the role of spatial dependency is something that is scant in the empirical environment literature; although, a good number of studies have investigated the spatial effects in the provinces or cities of China [1,2,[5][6][7][8][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, this analysis is totally absent for a panel of East Asia, and there is a need to incorporate this idea into research.…”
This paper aspires to examine the environmental effects of financial market development (FMD), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness on the CO 2 emissions per capita along with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in six East Asian countries from 1991-2014. For this purpose, spatial econometrics is applied to consider the spillover effects from neighboring countries. The results of the study corroborate the spillover effects from neighboring countries' CO 2 emissions per capita, FMD, FDI, and trade openness, and the EKC hypothesis is proven true in this region. Local FDI inflows, trade openness, and energy intensity are found to be responsible for local environmental degradation. Local FMD has an insignificant environmental effect, but neighboring countries' FMD has contributed to the local CO 2 emissions per capita. Further, positive (negative) environmental spillover effects are found from neighboring countries' FDI (trade openness).
“…Car ownership in China is about 12% than that of the U.S., but the country suffers from about the same level of road congestion, leaving many questions regarding its emissions trajectory. Another spatial analysis on China was conducted by Chen et al [2] to explore the effects of pollution on health. After analyzing data from 116 cities in China, the existence of adverse health impact of pollution has been proven with a spatial existence, indicating that pollution affects the locals and neighbors' health at the same time.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Xiaong et al [20] have tested the effect of FMD on CO 2 emissions in a single country case of China, but no study has yet tested the effect of FMD in a panel of East Asia. Additionally, the role of spatial dependency is something that is scant in the empirical environment literature; although, a good number of studies have investigated the spatial effects in the provinces or cities of China [1,2,[5][6][7][8][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, this analysis is totally absent for a panel of East Asia, and there is a need to incorporate this idea into research.…”
This paper aspires to examine the environmental effects of financial market development (FMD), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness on the CO 2 emissions per capita along with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in six East Asian countries from 1991-2014. For this purpose, spatial econometrics is applied to consider the spillover effects from neighboring countries. The results of the study corroborate the spillover effects from neighboring countries' CO 2 emissions per capita, FMD, FDI, and trade openness, and the EKC hypothesis is proven true in this region. Local FDI inflows, trade openness, and energy intensity are found to be responsible for local environmental degradation. Local FMD has an insignificant environmental effect, but neighboring countries' FMD has contributed to the local CO 2 emissions per capita. Further, positive (negative) environmental spillover effects are found from neighboring countries' FDI (trade openness).
“…For soot emissions, the same increase would increase mortality from respiratory diseases by 0·07 per 10 000 people, with spatial spillover effects also leading to an increase of 4·12 per 10 000 people in neighbouring cities. 96 The overall toll of air pollution on the health of urban residents of China is substantial. According to the latest estimate by WHO, 75 ambient air pollution in cities led to an age-standardised death rate of 70 per 100 000 people in 2012, which is much higher than the worldwide average of 47 per 100 000 people.…”
“…Since the late 1990s, epidemiologists have paid substantial attention to the study of air particulates and found that particles are the most harmful air pollutant to physical health. One of the main components of the haze, fine particles (PM 2.5 ), are a great threat to human health (eg, Pope et al; Niu et al; Chen et al) that increase the incidence of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and lung cancer, and therefore may aggravate the risk of death. At the same time, the short‐term concentration change in haze pollutants is highly correlated with daily mortality .…”
Summary
Introduction
Haze pollution has become a serious threat to the health of residents and has brought about considerable economic costs. The objectives of this study are to examine the relationship between haze pollution and residents' health and to estimate the health cost of haze pollution.
Methods
Using macro data on 74 major Chinese cities, this study employs a static panel data model and a dynamic panel generalized method of moments model to investigate the impact of haze pollution on the mortality of residents. On the basis of the estimation results, the value of a statistical life (VOSL) method is used to evaluate the economic cost of haze pollution on residents' health.
Results
In 74 major cities of China, an increase in concentration of PM2.5 pollutants by 1 μg/m3 may cause the mortality rate to rise by 25 per million people. The VOSL of haze pollution in China is about 1.53 million yuan. The health cost of residents from haze in 74 major cities of China in 2016 was about 888 billion yuan, equivalent to about 2% of the these cities' GDP.
Conclusions
Haze pollution has serious damage to the health of urban residents and therefore brings about considerable economic losses.
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