Impacts of Air Pollutants on Cold Hardiness

Sheppard, Lucy J.; Pfanz, Hardy

doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_13

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The higher leaf N and C concentrations of hybrid aspen × aspen may also indicate a higher concentration of compounds related to increased frost hardiness, such as proteins and soluble sugars (cf. Sheppard and Pfanz 2001), although confirmation for this was not found from the correlation analysis. High N supply decreased tolerance to frost in both aspen species by delaying frost hardening, a phenomenon also reported for Pinus halepensis (Puértolas et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

“…Positive effects have been hypothesized to result from factors such as the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins that increase frost hardiness and can act as cryoprotectants (Sheppard and Pfanz 2001). Negative effects can be mediated through delayed growth cessation and thereby frost hardening (van den Driessche 1991), and advanced budburst, which increases the risk of spring frost damage (Sheppard and Pfanz 2001). Increased N assimilation following high N uptake also requires carbon (C), which may deplete cryoprotectant carbohydrates (Thomas and Ahlers 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…N inputs have been observed to both increase (DeHayes et al 1989;Rikala and Repo 1997) and decrease (Aronsson 1980;Hellergren 1981) frost hardiness. Positive effects have been hypothesized to result from factors such as the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins that increase frost hardiness and can act as cryoprotectants (Sheppard and Pfanz 2001). Negative effects can be mediated through delayed growth cessation and thereby frost hardening (van den Driessche 1991), and advanced budburst, which increases the risk of spring frost damage (Sheppard and Pfanz 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Growth and frost hardening of European aspen and backcross hybrid aspen as influenced by water and nitrogen

Nikula¹,

Manninen²,

Pulkkinen³

2011

Annals of Forest Science

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& Introduction The interactive effects of water and nitrogen (N) on frost hardiness are not well known in broad-leaved trees. Furthermore, new environmental conditions may favour naturally generated hybrids between native and introduced tree species over native species. & Methods A greenhouse experiment with freezing tests was carried out to study how water (low, medium, high) and N (low, high) supply influence the growth, bud phenology and frost hardening of seven young European aspen (Populus tremula) and backcross hybrid aspen ([P. tremula × Populus tremuloides] × P. tremula) families. & Results The native European aspen grew faster, whereas hybrid aspen × aspen frost hardened faster and exhibited better overall frost hardiness and earlier budburst. Hybrid aspen × aspen also showed intraspecific variation in frost hardiness. The two species showed similar responses to different water and N supplies, and both species were more affected by changes in N supply than in water supply. Higher N supply-especially when combined with droughtdelayed frost hardening, an effect that was more pronounced in European aspen. & Conclusions The results suggest that backcross hybrid aspen may in some respects be better adapted to a range of environmental conditions than the native species.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Growth and frost hardening of European aspen and backcross hybrid aspen as influenced by water and nitrogen

Nikula¹,

Manninen²,

Pulkkinen³

2011

Annals of Forest Science

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“…The C0 needles were more sensitive to frost than the C1 and C2 needles, most likely due to lower sugar contents (Sheppard and Pfanz, 2001). The current year needles with relatively high concentration of K compared with older needles from the same tree were less sensitive to frost, indicating that the frost sensitivity depended on the nutrient status of each needle age class.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Frost sensitivity and nutrient status in a fertilized Norway spruce stand in Denmark

Jönsson¹,

Ingerslev²,

Raulund‐Rasmussen³

2004

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…2). Deposition of N has been associated with greater frost sensitivity in conifer species (Sheppard and Pfanz 2001), and the combination of more frequent frosts and greater plant sensitivity to those frosts can increase mortality rates. Nitrogen can also increase the capacity of species to tolerate a changing climate, for example, promoting growth and expansion of deciduous shrubs in tundra, while decreasing overall species richness (Chapin et al 1995).Thus, in general, climate change and N may act synergistically or antagonistically on biodiversity, depending on system-specific and taxa-specific dynamics.…”

Section: Bioclimatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment and climate change on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity

et al. 2012

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Biodiversity has been described as the diversity of life on earth within species, among species, and among ecosystems. The rate of biodiversity loss due to human activity in the last 50 years has been more rapid than at any other time in human history, and many of the drivers of biodiversity loss are increasing, including habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, climate change, and pollution, including pollution from reactive nitrogen (Nr). Of these stressors, climate change and Nr from anthropogenic activities are causing some of the most rapid changes. Climate change is causing warming trends that result in poleward and elevational range shifts of flora and fauna, and changes in phenology, particularly the earlier onset of spring events and migration, and lengthening of the growing season. Nitrogen (N) enrichment can enhance plant growth, but has been shown to favor, fast-growing, sometimes invasive, species over native species adapted to low N conditions. Although there have been only a few controlled studies on climate change and N interactions, inferences can be drawn from various field observations. For example, in arid ecosystems of southern California, elevated N deposition and changing precipitation patterns have promoted the conversion of native shrub communities to communities dominated by annual non-native grasses. Both empirical studies and modeling indicate that N and climate change can interact to drive losses in biodiversity greater than those caused by either stressor alone. Reducing inputs of anthropogenic Nr may be an effective mitigation strategy for protecting biodiversity in the face of climate change.

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Impacts of Air Pollutants on Cold Hardiness

Cited by 7 publications

References 122 publications

Growth and frost hardening of European aspen and backcross hybrid aspen as influenced by water and nitrogen

Growth and frost hardening of European aspen and backcross hybrid aspen as influenced by water and nitrogen

Frost sensitivity and nutrient status in a fertilized Norway spruce stand in Denmark

Interactive effects of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment and climate change on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity

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