Impacto genético en comunidades Amazónicas del Ecuador localizadas en zonas petroleras

Abstract

RESUMEN.-La exposición de agentes carcinógenos usados en la industria petrolera incrementa el desarrollo de cáncer tanto en hombres como en mujeres y niños. Se ha observado que los individuos expuestos a agentes genotóxicos presentan una inestabilidad general del genoma humano que puede ser evaluada por medio del estudio de cromosomas o de genes involucrados en daño genético a través del aná-lisis del nivel de fragmentación del ADN en individuos expuestos a los hidrocarburos. Para el estudio se escogieron 23 mujeres que viven cerca de la actividad petrolera y a quienes se supone presentaron una mayor exposición a las fuentes de contaminación. Los individuos control fueron 25 mujeres provenientes de la Joya de Los Sachas, en Orellana, sin antecedentes de exposición continua a genotóxicos. La técnica usada para determinar alteraciones genéticas fue el ensayo cometa. Los datos obtenidos indican que existe un mayor riesgo a padecer cáncer, malformaciones congénitas y abortos en las zonas ubicadas más cerca a la actividad petrolera, por ende con mayor exposición a factores tóxicos. La distancia al foco de exposición y la asimilación de los mismos facilita la mutación del ADN en las células, originando fallas en los sistemas de reparación.PALABRAS CLAVE: Petróleo, genotóxicos, inestabilidad genómica, fragmentación de ADN, ensayo cometa.ABSTRACT.-The exposition to the carcinogenic agents used in the oil industry increment the development of cancer in the Amazonian communities. According to revised health data, exposed individuals to genotoxic agents present general instability of the human genome. This instability can be measured through analysis of the

Genotoxicity Studies Performed in the Ecuadorian Population

“…The sampling zones closest to the extraction wells showed a greater evidence of DNA damage than those that are farther away which suggests a distance-damage relationship. This relationship is also supported by the increased occurrence of type A nuclei (no damage) as the distance from the wells increases [88]. Another study was carried out with a significantly bigger sample size from the nearby zone of San Carlos and matching controls from both San Carlos and the country's capital Quito.…”

“…Comet assay showed that the affected group has a high occurrence of type B nuclei fragmentation, as opposed to the prevalence of type A cells in the control groups from San Carlos and Quito. Additionally, the analysis of chromosomal aberrations showed that 20% of the exposed individuals presented chromosomal breaks and gaps while only 2% of the control individuals had such aberrations [ 88 ]. At a molecular level, we incorporated the analysis of the polymorphisms of the genes CYP1A1 (MspI and Ile/Val) and MSH2 (gIVS12-6T > C), both related to the development of cancer [ 58 , 59 , 89 , 90 ].…”

Derramamento De Petróleo E Seus Impactos No Ambiente E Na Saúde Humana

“…Uma vez que o petróleo possui compostos com características carcinogênicas, como os HPAs, muitos autores encontraram uma associação entre diversos tipos de câncer (fígado, rins, pulmões, mama e próstata) e a exposição a locais que sofreram derramamentos de óleo (YANG et al, 2000;BOERS et al, 2005; Merhi, 2010;Paz-y-Miño et al, 2010;Harville et al, 2018 Impactos no sistema reprodutivo, tais como infertilidade, aumento do risco de aborto espontâneo e de má formação congênita, diminuição da qualidade e aumento das taxas de anormalidade do sêmen.…”

“…O sistema reprodutivo pode ser severamente afetado, já que em locais mais expostos aos contaminantes o risco de aborto espontâneo tem índices mais altos (MERHI, 2010) e a qualidade do sêmen é pior (DE CELIS et al, 2000;MERHI, 2010;PAZ-Y-MIÑO et al, 2010).…”

Environmental Impact Assessment of Remediation Strategy in an Oil Spill in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region

“…The affectation of soil, water, flora and fauna, attributable to inappropriate practices of the petroleum industry was largely studied [7][8][9]. In addition, several reports on the negative effects on human health due to the exposure of humans to compounds associated with petroleum extraction manifesting as skin, digestive, respiratory, pregnancy and reproductive diseases, among others, were widely reported [10][11][12].…”