Impact Sound Across Rearfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot Strike During Overground Running

Au, Ivan P.H.; Ng, Leo; Davey, Paul; So, Marco; Chan, Brian; Li, Pinky; Wong, W Y; Althorpe, T.; Stearne, Sarah M.; Cheung, Ronnie

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0708.20

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Another possibility is that the heel prevented an excessive temperature elevation by dissipating a portion of the collisional net-negative work as sound. While this seems unlikely based on a prior study ( Hung Au et al, 2021 ), a direct measurement of sound is needed to verify or refute sound as a dissipation mechanism. An additional possibility is that the motion of the feet in the air, especially during the swing phase, could produce a cooling effect ( Burton, 1934 ; Chang et al, 1987 ; Melnikov et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, principles of acoustics suggest that the amplitude of the produced sound should be proportional to the amplitude of the impact pressure. However, Hung Au et al, 2021 reported a statistically non-significant association between impact sound amplitude and vertical impact rate during running, with heel-strike running having the lowest peak sound amplitude ( Hung Au et al, 2021 ). Thus, although energy dissipation as sound is plausible, it seems reasonable to predict that the heel’s collision energy during walking may be dissipated as heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Therefore, the dissipated kinetic energy should be converted to heat and/or sound when the heel collides with the ground. Indeed, previous experiments have established that the collision between the heel and the ground produces an acoustic impact ( Li et al, 1991 ; Ekimov and Sabatier, 2006 ; Visell et al, 2009 ; Larsson, 2014 ; Hung Au et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, principles of acoustics suggest that the amplitude of the produced sound should be proportional to the amplitude of the impact pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the Heel’s Dissipative Energetic Behavior Affect Its Thermodynamic Responses During Walking?

Papachatzis

Slivka

Pipinos

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Most of the terrestrial legged locomotion gaits, like human walking, necessitate energy dissipation upon ground collision. In humans, the heel mostly performs net-negative work during collisions, and it is currently unclear how it dissipates that energy. Based on the laws of thermodynamics, one possibility is that the net-negative collision work may be dissipated as heat. If supported, such a finding would inform the thermoregulation capacity of human feet, which may have implications for understanding foot complications and tissue damage. Here, we examined the correlation between energy dissipation and thermal responses by experimentally increasing the heel’s collisional forces. Twenty healthy young adults walked overground on force plates and for 10 min on a treadmill (both at 1.25 ms−1) while wearing a vest with three different levels of added mass (+0%, +15%, & +30% of their body mass). We estimated the heel’s work using a unified deformable segment analysis during overground walking. We measured the heel’s temperature immediately before and after each treadmill trial. We hypothesized that the heel’s temperature and net-negative work would increase when walking with added mass, and the temperature change is correlated with the increased net-negative work. We found that walking with +30% added mass significantly increased the heel’s temperature change by 0.72 ± 1.91 ℃ (p = 0.009) and the magnitude of net-negative work (extrapolated to 10 min of walking) by 326.94 ± 379.92 J (p = 0.005). However, we found no correlation between the heel’s net-negative work and temperature changes (p = 0.277). While this result refuted our second hypothesis, our findings likely demonstrate the heel’s dynamic thermoregulatory capacity. If all the negative work were dissipated as heat, we would expect excessive skin temperature elevation during prolonged walking, which may cause skin complications. Therefore, our results likely indicate that various heat dissipation mechanisms control the heel’s thermodynamic responses, which may protect the health and integrity of the surrounding tissue. Also, our results indicate that additional mechanical factors, besides energy dissipation, explain the heel’s temperature rise. Therefore, future experiments may explore alternative factors affecting thermodynamic responses, including mechanical (e.g., sound & shear-stress) and physiological mechanisms (e.g., sweating, local metabolic rate, & blood flow).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the Heel’s Dissipative Energetic Behavior Affect Its Thermodynamic Responses During Walking?

Papachatzis

Slivka

Pipinos

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…Greater instantaneous impact loading may generate louder sounds of footsteps, which have been previously shown to be moderately correlated to vertical loading rates and peak propulsion forces [12,13]. The sounds of footsteps have been used in gait retraining to reduce instantaneous impact loading during running [7,14] and can be used to classify different running styles [15]. Moreover, muscle fatigue increases the loading rate [16,17], which can be strongly correlated with increases in peak footstep sounds in fatiguing conditions [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running from the Sound of Footsteps

Oliveira

Pirscoveanu

Rasmussen

2022

Sensors

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From the point of view of measurement, footstep sounds represent a simple, wearable and inexpensive sensing opportunity to assess running biomechanical parameters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the sounds of footsteps can be used to predict the vertical ground reaction force profiles during running. Thirty-seven recreational runners performed overground running, and their sounds of footsteps were recorded from four microphones, while the vertical ground reaction force was recorded using a force plate. We generated nine different combinations of microphone data, ranging from individual recordings up to all four microphones combined. We trained machine learning models using these microphone combinations and predicted the ground reaction force profiles by a leave-one-out approach on the subject level. There were no significant differences in the prediction accuracy between the different microphone combinations (p < 0.05). Moreover, the machine learning model was able to predict the ground reaction force profiles with a mean Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.99 (range 0.79–0.999), mean relative root-mean-square error of 9.96% (range 2–23%) and mean accuracy to define rearfoot or forefoot strike of 77%. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using the sounds of footsteps in combination with machine learning algorithms based on Fourier transforms to predict the ground reaction force curves. The results are encouraging in terms of the opportunity to create wearable technology to assess the ground reaction force profiles for runners in the interests of injury prevention and performance optimization.

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Impact Sound Across Rearfoot, Midfoot, and Forefoot Strike During Overground Running

Cited by 2 publications

References 21 publications

Does the Heel’s Dissipative Energetic Behavior Affect Its Thermodynamic Responses During Walking?

Does the Heel’s Dissipative Energetic Behavior Affect Its Thermodynamic Responses During Walking?

Predicting Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running from the Sound of Footsteps

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