“…Our research methods have been described in detail previously. 11 Five pediatric residency programs across the United States implemented "true" X + Y scheduling in July of 2018 with the approval of the ACGME. These programs include Advocate Children's Hospital − Park Ridge in Park Ridge, Illionis; University of Texas at Austin Pediatrics Program, Austin, Texas; New York University Langone Health in New York, New York; Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio; and University of Toledo in Toledo, Ohio.…”