Impact of weather and climate on seed protein and oil content of soybean in the North Сaucasus

Abstract

For a targeted search of initial breeding material for the quality of soybean seeds, it is necessary to know the patterns of the dependence of the corresponding seed characters on the weather and climatic conditions in a particular region. Global climatic change, the concretization of which is relevant, has a share in this dependence. Thus, the aim of this work was to identify the relationship between the variability of protein and oil content in soybean seeds with climatic parameters in the North Caucasus as well as trends in this variability over a long time period. The study of 1 442 soybean accessions from VIR collection in the Krasnodar region during 1987–2015 had been carried out and the tendencies of the variability of protein and oil content in seeds in this environment were estimated. The regression analysis in differences with forward stepwise selection of variables has been used to construct models for the dependence of the protein and oil content on generalized agrometeorological indices. During 1987–2015, for the period with temperatures above 10 °C, the sums of active temperatures increased by 218 °C/10 years and precipitation decreased by 20.9 mm/10 years. In the dynamics of protein content, a trend has been revealed as an increase by 2.5 % over 10 years, while there is no reliable trend in oil content. The maximum average mean of oil content and the smallest protein were in the middle-maturing accessions (22.2 and 38.8 %), and a relatively high protein content was detected, on average, in the early- (21.6 and 40.0 %) and late-maturing (20.2 and 39.9 %) varieties. The protein content had been increasing with a growth of the duration of the period with temperatures above 22 °C and decreasing with a raise in precipitation over a period of temperatures above 18 °C. The accumulation of oil in seeds was promoted by an increase of the hydrothermal coefficient over the period with temperatures above 19 °C, and, in late-maturating varieties, prevented by a prolonged autumn period with temperatures below 15 °C. Long-term growth in protein content is due to both climatic change and genetic improvement of varieties.

Environmental Effects on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) Production in Central and South Germany

“…The highest negative correlation between protein and oil content was found in the European early maturing genotypes (0-0000); for example, almost r = −0.9 in Germany [17], r = −0.79 in Austria [23], and r = −0.83 in Slovenia [55]. According to investigations in Russia over 27 years, this correlation was on average r = −0.53 [20] and in the Midwest of the USA r = −0.64 [56]. Piper und Boote analyzed 1863 varieties from 10 maturity groups at 60 locations throughout the USA and documented a correlation of r = −0.43 [18].…”

“…However, the protein and oil content are negatively correlated, so the protein content of soybean seeds increased by 3-5% under drought stress then oil content decreased by 2-3% compared to seeds of control plants with optimal water supply [48]. Protein formation in soybean seeds starts about 10-15 days earlier than that of fats [20]; when drought becomes more severe, protein synthesis continues but nutrients for oil are exhausted [21]. From a biochemical point of view, this can be linked to the activation of superoxide, which, in a drought, promotes the accumulation of protein more than that of oil [53].…”

“…The time during the growing season when drought occurs can affect the intensity of its influence on protein and oil content [21]. It is well established from studies in the USA, South America, Central Europe, and Russia that oil content is negatively correlated with precipitation at flowering-seed filling phase [14,20,23,47]. Our studies, conducted in a region (Germany) previously considered not suitable for soybean cultivation (because only few varieties were able to ripen at the low CHU), is in line with these results (Table 6).…”

“…The reasons for the strong negative correlation between protein and oil content are not completely clear. These two properties are determined by the same combination of genes and it is difficult to do plant breeding work only to increase of one of these properties without leaving the other unchanged [20,57,58]. However, the synthesis of protein and oil in soybean seeds utilize the same carbon metabolism, and the synthesis processes interact with each other [59].…”

“…The concentrations of these two components are genetically predetermined but can vary depending on the environment [18]. The protein and oil content of soybean seeds are negatively correlated [19,20]. A higher temperature during reproductive growth tends to result in higher oil content [21,22].…”