Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

Gobalarajah, Kalaivani; Prabagar, Subramaniam; Jayawardena, Uthpala A.; Gobalarajah, Rasiah; Rajendra, S.; Prabagar, Jasotha

doi:10.1186/s12882-020-02157-1

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Since CKD-CTN originates from an environmental cause-natural Geo-Bio interactions (Figure 1)-it is feasible to reduce the risk by addressing the root cause: without embarking on expensive pharmaceutical agents. As we and others have previously reported, 1,29,30 The most critical intervention is supplying potable water to all affected regions. 20,31 This can be achieved via mentioned cost-bene ts analysis and practical steps to help eradicate CKD-CTN, 32,20 and adopting previously described economic longer-term chronic diseases management programs.…”

Section: Other Contributory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Nanocrystal-induced Chronic Tubulaonephropathy in Tropical Countries: Diagnosis, Mitigation, and Eradication

Wimalawansa¹,

Dissanayake

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In tropical countries, a mysterious tubulointerstitial chronic renal disease (CKD), unrelated to diabetes, hypertension, and immunological causes, manifested over the past four decades. Approximately 25,000 primarily middle-aged male farmers succumb annually to this crystal-tubular nephropathy (CTN). Its cause is hypothesised to arise from agrochemical or heavy metal contamination of food or drinking water. Since no causative factor was identified, this CKD due to crystalline tubular-nephropathy (CKD-CTN) was known as CKD of unknown aetiology (CKDu or CKDmfo). However, current data suggest that it is due to natural causes. Clinical manifestation of CKD-CTN occurs following decades of consumption of high-ionic stagnant groundwater, aided by fluoride. In all affected countries, prolonged annual dry seasons lead to the concentration of ions and minerals in groundwater, making water unpalatable, thus less water consumption. In addition, exposure to hot climatic conditions and daily alcohol intake sustains chronic dehydration. These conditions provide a highly conducive environment—a perfect storm—for calcium phosphate (CaPO4) crystal formation in renal tissues. Recent histological and preliminary electron microscopic data reveal CaPO4 crystals and nano-tubes deposition in kidneys. While CaPO4 nano-minerals are unstable, the presence of fluoride ions stabilises and makes them grow. This new concept paves the path for highly cost-effective, simple solutions to protect peasants and eliminate the disease without embarking on expensive medications or interventions. Chronic dehydration-associated renal crystal formation is preventable by consuming potable water. This straightforward solution of providing drinking water to affected communities prevents chronic dehydration, CKD-CTN-associated renal failure and premature deaths. However, it becomes irreversible once the disease is established beyond CKD stage IIIB. Therefore, eradicating CKD-CTN is through prevention—education and increased water consumption, not by treating end-stage renal disease, expanding dialysis centres and renal transplantation services. The straightforward approaches described here will prevent CKD-CTN and save thousands of lives in affected farming communities.

show abstract

Section: Other Contributory Factorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Nanocrystal-induced Chronic Tubulaonephropathy in Tropical Countries: Diagnosis, Mitigation, and Eradication

Wimalawansa¹,

Dissanayake

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…High TDS values in drinking water is also harmful to those populations which are suffering from kidney and renal diseases. [34]. Consistent consumption of water with high TDS levels may cause laxative or constipation effects and makes water difficult for domestic use [35].…”

Section: Total Dissolve Solids /Tdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Epidemiological Survey of Non-municipal Drinking Water Supplies Among Rural Communities in the Blue and John Crow Mountain Ranges, Jamaica, December 2021- June 2022

Atkinson¹

2022

TIJPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The unavailability of safe running water is a major problem faced by many residents of rural Jamaica; the use of unsafe drinking water for domestic purposes is also a major public health challenge in developing countries due its contribution to the global burden of disease reported annually. The aim of the research was to assess the microbiological and physiochemical quality parameters of non-municipal drinking water from springs and tributaries within the Blue and John Crow mountains. The study methodology used was sampling through field work and laboratory testing for microbiological water quality parameters using standard procedures. The research is a cross-sectional survey that was conducted over a seven-month period. Fourteen samples of water were collected from the water sources and in the homes of the residents. Five water parameters were assessed against national and internal water quality index. In one hundred percent of the samples the total coliforms levels exceeded the established safe limit as established by the Ministry of Health Jamaica. The initial hypothesis of the research was supported by the findings. The consumption and use of non-municipal water throughout the communities of the Blue and John Crow Mountain bears a significant risk for public health. Keywords: Unsafe drinking water, Rural communities, Potable water, Water quality index.

show abstract

“…The groundwater sources in the study area have faced severe risks over the last decade (Piyasiri & Senanayake 2016;Athapattu et al 2018). Overexploitation due to large-scale infrastructure development projects, intensive resettlement, rapid urbanization, and extensive agricultural activities after the civil war had created serious issues such as depletion and deterioration of groundwater quantity and quality in Northern Province, Sri Lanka (Loganathan 2011;De Silva 2016;Ravi et al 2016;Akther & Tharani 2017;Rajapakse et al 2017;Shah et al 2019;Gobalarajah et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of groundwater quality in Vavuniya and Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka using multivariate statistical techniques and a Water Quality Index

Meegahakumbura

Nanayakkara

2023

Water Supply

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Groundwater has become the primary source of potable water in the Northern province of Sri Lanka and extensive development projects, comprising resettlements after the civil war resulted in more extraction of groundwater. This study focused to assess water quality from the perspective of drinking by developing a Water Quality Index (WQI), applying Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and developing spatial distribution maps. Findings revealed more than 50% of samples reported higher total dissolved solid (TDS), hardness, and alkalinity values above the Sri Lankan drinking water quality standards (SLS 614:2013). 7 and 13% of sampling sites were in the ‘Excellent’ and ‘Poor’ subclasses, respectively. PCA results explained >77% of variability by the first four principal components (PCs). PC1 and PC2 reflect geogenic processes while PC3 reflects natural processes like high rainfall and PC4 indicates anthropogenic pollution sources. HCA rendered 122 sampling sites into three clusters. An integrated map of the WQI and three clusters discovers a predominant analysis of potable water quality highlighting the deterioration of groundwater quality mainly in the 18 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) of the study area. Artificial recharging at a household level and introducing proper sanitation facilities and regulations in agricultural practices shall be implemented to improve the WQI further.

show abstract

Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Nanocrystal-induced Chronic Tubulaonephropathy in Tropical Countries: Diagnosis, Mitigation, and Eradication

Nanocrystal-induced Chronic Tubulaonephropathy in Tropical Countries: Diagnosis, Mitigation, and Eradication

An Epidemiological Survey of Non-municipal Drinking Water Supplies Among Rural Communities in the Blue and John Crow Mountain Ranges, Jamaica, December 2021- June 2022

Assessment of groundwater quality in Vavuniya and Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka using multivariate statistical techniques and a Water Quality Index

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About