Impact of Water Heaters on the Formation of Disinfection By‐products

Liu, Boning; Reckhow, David A.

doi:10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0080

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…For locations A and D, hot water TTHMs were 19.6% and 35.8% higher, respectively, than in cold water. An increase in hot water TTHMs has been noted previously, including up to 120% increase in TTHMs in a surface water-supplied drinking water system in Massachusetts (Liu & Reckhow 2015). Chloroform was also found to increase over 100% as a result of heating in bench-scale studies at pH 7, in waters with an age of less than 72 hours (Liu & Reckhow 2013).…”

Section: Field Measurements Of Disinfection Byproducts and Water-qualsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The increase in TTHMs was also directly proportional to the magnitude of loss in residual chlorine due to heating, which was also noted in eleven additional study sites in Florida (see Figure 2). The presence of halopropanones (i.e., DCP and TCP) in hot water was noted in a previous study of DBPs in home heating systems (Liu & Reckhow 2015). 1,1-DCP was found to increase in Locations A, D and, to a lesser extent, B in the hot water samples.…”

Section: Field Measurements Of Disinfection Byproducts and Water-qualsupporting

confidence: 61%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantifying and contextualizing disinfection byproducts during the Flint Water Crisis: a case study and framework for broader application

Goodwill

Hagemann

Edwards

et al. 2018

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua

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Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and other disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been a concern in Flint, Michigan, in both delivered water and water from home water heaters. Historical TTHM data and DBP sampling results from Flint were combined with models for predicting hot water TTHMs to assess the probability of certain DBP concentrations. Results were compared with hot and cold water DBPs from a water system in Florida. Flint results were used to estimate cancer risk resulting from chronic exposure to hot water TTHMs, and compared to similar risk assessments in other water systems. Results indicate TTHM concentrations decreased in Flint following a return to water from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department, and were very near the mean value for public drinking water systems in the United States. Measurement of other unregulated DBPs also indicated levels within the typical ranges. Monte Carlo simulations coupled with modeling of hot water TTHMs indicated a low probability of TTHMs exceeding 80 µg/L in Flint in 2016. The estimated cancer risk from exposure to TTHMs in Flint is similar to other areas. The methods used in this work can apply broadly to other water systems to deescalate perceptions of risk following a water crisis.

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Section: Field Measurements Of Disinfection Byproducts and Water-qualsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Field Measurements Of Disinfection Byproducts and Water-qualsupporting

confidence: 61%

Quantifying and contextualizing disinfection byproducts during the Flint Water Crisis: a case study and framework for broader application

Goodwill

Hagemann

Edwards

et al. 2018

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua

Self Cite

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“…Previous research on building water quality have shown that high water age influenced by periods of stagnant or low water flow rates leads to leaching of pipe material including metals and plastics. , High water age can also cause taste and odor issues because of acid producing, denitrifying, and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria as well as an increase in opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens such as Legionella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). − Furthermore, trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed as free chlorine is consumed − which can occur in stagnant water. THMs are carcinogens in drinking water and regulated in municipal water systems, but not within buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Water Quality Variation between City and Building and within Multistory Building

et al. 2021

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Municipal drinking water entering buildings can experience degraded water quality due to in-building water treatment devices, plumbing design, materials, and occupancy patterns. To understand water quality patterns, we installed online sensors and collected grab samples throughout a multistory university building to quantify temporal and spatial fluctuations in temperature, pH, free chlorine, dissolved copper, trihalomethanes (THMs), cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP), and organic matter surrogate (UV254). A whole-building water softener had a detrimental impact on water quality, increasing pH, decreasing disinfectant residual, and increasing THMs. Disinfectant residual was always greatest at the building inlet, with little to no measurable free chlorine at sinks and water fountains. Cellular adenosine triphosphate levels were lowest at the building inlet and measured greater at water fountains. Copper levels were <0.2 mg/L entering the building but ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L within the building. HVAC operations resulted in less variability for in-building water temperature than at the water treatment plant with temperatures averaging 5 °C warmer inside the building than at the building inlet. Trihalomethane concentrations were influenced by chlorine residual, pH, and water demand, with consistently higher in-building measurements than at the building inlet. Trihalomethane speciation remained constant throughout the study with chloroform being the greatest contributor to speciation, followed by dichlorobromoform, dibromochloromethane, and finally bromoform.

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“…There is a consistent measured increase in chloride and ammonia for all collected samples, which suggests that the total chlorines have reduced to simpler components as shown in Table 1. This is not unexpected, as it has been previously indicated that heated storage with recirculation will reduce the chlorine content and promote the formation of disinfection by-products [20]. The potential contribution to the palatability should be further explored since the reduction in chlorine presence is found to be absolute for all CRs rather than being correlated with reported intensities.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Experimental Study on the Palatability Impacts of Potable Water as a Hydronic Medium

Prybysh

Al‐Hussein

Fleck

et al. 2018

Water

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Hydronic systems installed in buildings utilize water to transport thermal energy within the building for heating and cooling purposes. These systems can be closed loop, where the water is chemically treated and circulated indefinitely, or they can be open loop, where the water is not treated and is effluxed as a result of occupant activities, such as bathing or cooking. Water in an open loop system may circulate within the system for a limited time before it is extracted from the system by occupant activities and replaced with new water from the local water supply. The implementation of open loop hydronic systems is becoming more common in multi-unit residential buildings, even though a number of questions regarding the use of such systems remain unanswered. One concern regarding the use of circulated potable water for heating purposes is the potential effects on the occupant perceptions of the palatability of the service water being delivered to their suites. In an open-loop HVAC system (Heating Ventilating, Air Conditioning System), heating water is subject to repeated thermal cycles and continuous recirculation, which creates the potential for chemical alterations of the materials present in the water or leaching of materials from the equipment and piping. Through the use of Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) established by the American Water Works Association, and a multi-unit HVAC system constructed in a controlled environment, the palatability effects of the operational system were evaluated for a number of scenarios. The collected feedback from the study participants was then tabulated to quantify the impacts of using potable water as a recirculating heating medium on the perceptions of the occupants. The resulting observations led us to conclude that utilizing potable water as a heating medium has a negligible effect on the palatability of water in the system for average retention times under one day, and a non-objectionable, but noticeable, effect for higher average retention times.

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Impact of Water Heaters on the Formation of Disinfection By‐products

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Quantifying and contextualizing disinfection byproducts during the Flint Water Crisis: a case study and framework for broader application

Quantifying and contextualizing disinfection byproducts during the Flint Water Crisis: a case study and framework for broader application

Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Water Quality Variation between City and Building and within Multistory Building

Experimental Study on the Palatability Impacts of Potable Water as a Hydronic Medium

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