Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom

Pritchard, Emma; Matthews, Philippa C.; Stoesser, Nicole; Eyre, David W; Gethings, Owen; Vihta, Karina-Doris; Jones, Joel; House, Thomas; VanSteenhouse, Harper; Bell, Iain; Bell, John I.; Newton, J.O.; Farrar, Jeremy; Diamond, Ian; Rourke, Emma; Studley, Ruth; Crook, Derrick W.; Peto, Tim; Walker, A Sarah; Pouwels, Koen B

doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01410-w

Cited by 288 publications

(297 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…3), where pooled estimate indicates vaccine effectiveness of 91% (95% confidence interval 81%-95%). The findings from the meta-analysis of three studies (Chung et al 2021;Lopez Bernal et al 2021;Pritchard et al 2021) which presented effect measure as OR are also consistent (pooled OR = 0.19; 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.40) and show vaccine effectiveness of 81% (95% confidence interval 60%-91%) 7 days or more after the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. The meta-analysis of three studies (Hall et al 2021;Regev-Yochay et al 2021;Thompson et al 2021) which presented effect measure as HR reported pooled HR of 0.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.16; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Of these, 19 studies were excluded since they either did not report vaccine effectiveness, reported non-specific outcomes such as COVID-19-related mortality and COVID-19-related hospitalization, or reported unadjusted effectiveness estimates. Therefore, 19 studies (Angel et al 2021;Björk et al 2021;Cabezas et al 2021;Chung et al 2021;Dagan et al 2021;Emborg et al 2021;Fabiani et al 2021;Glampson et al 2021;Gras-Valentí et al 2021;Haas et al 2021;Hall et al 2021;Lopez Bernal et al 2021;Mason et al 2021;Monge et al 2021;Pritchard et al 2021;Regev-Yochay et al 2021;Shrotri et al 2021;Swift et al 2021;Thompson et al 2021) were included for this meta-analysis; 12 studies (Chung et al 2021;Dagan et al 2021;Emborg et al 2021;Fabiani et al 2021;Glampson et al 2021;Gras-Valentí et al 2021;Haas et al 2021;Lopez Bernal et al 2021;Mason et al 2021;Monge et al 2021;Regev-Yochay et al 2021) were retrospective in design with seven database reviews (Dagan et al 2021;Emborg et al 2021;Glampson et al 2021;Haas et al 2021;Mason et al 2021;Monge et al 2021;…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study characteristics are depicted in Table 1. The included studies (Angel et al 2021;Björk et al 2021;Cabezas et al 2021;Chung et al 2021;Dagan et al 2021;Emborg et al 2021;Fabiani et al 2021;Glampson et al 2021;Gras-Valentí et al 2021;Haas et al 2021;Hall et al 2021;Lopez Bernal et al 2021;Mason et al 2021;Monge et al 2021;Pritchard et al 2021;Regev-Yochay et al 2021;Shrotri et al 2021;Swift et al 2021;Thompson et al 2021) are deemed moderate-to-good quality with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale ranging from 7 to 8.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real-world effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a meta-analysis of large observational studies

Kow

Hasan

2021

Inflammopharmacol

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This paper aims to summarize through meta-analyses the overall vaccine effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine from observational studies. A systematic literature search with no language restriction was performed in electronic databases to identify eligible observational studies which reported the adjusted effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to prevent RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. Meta-analyses with the random-effects model were used to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) at 95% confidence intervals, and the vaccine effectiveness was indicated as (pooled HR − 1)/HR or (pooled IRR − 1)/IRR. Nineteen studies were included for this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed significant protective effect against RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 ≥ 14 days after the first dose, with vaccine effectiveness of 53% (95% confidence interval 32-68%), and ≥ 7 days after the second dose, with vaccine effectiveness of 95% (95% confidence interval: 96-97%). Despite its effectiveness, reporting vaccine safety data by relevant stakeholders should be encouraged as BNT162b2 mRNA is a new vaccine that has not gained full approval. There have been limited data about vaccine effectiveness among immunocompromised patients; thus, the vaccine should be used cautiously in this patient population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real-world effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a meta-analysis of large observational studies

Kow

Hasan

2021

Inflammopharmacol

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“…Therefore, vaccine efficacy against clinical outcomes as well as antibody responses should contribute to prioritization decisions. In a related UK-wide study 22 and a study from Israel 23 , high levels of protection from infection following natural infection were observed that were comparable to those seen after two doses of vaccination without prior infection. In the latter study 23 , the authors question whether previously infected individuals require vaccination; our data show that vaccination does boost antibody responses after previous infection, although the impact on protection from infection over varying timescales requires further study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom

et al. 2021

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We report that in a cohort of 45,965 adults, who were receiving either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in those who had no prior infection with SARS-CoV-2, seroconversion rates and quantitative antibody levels after a single dose were lower in older individuals, especially in those aged >60 years. Two vaccine doses achieved high responses across all ages. Antibody levels increased more slowly and to lower levels with a single dose of ChAdOx1 compared with a single dose of BNT162b2, but waned following a single dose of BNT162b2 in older individuals. In descriptive latent class models, we identified four responder subgroups, including a ‘low responder’ group that more commonly consisted of people aged >75 years, males and individuals with long-term health conditions. Given our findings, we propose that available vaccines should be prioritized for those not previously infected and that second doses should be prioritized for individuals aged >60 years. Further data are needed to better understand the extent to which quantitative antibody responses are associated with vaccine-mediated protection.

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“…ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has been fully approved in Brazil and approved for emergency use in 64 additional countries. The effectiveness of the vaccine is 92% and is 79% against symptomatic infection 18,19 .…”

Section: Auro Vaccines Llc and The Coalition Of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (Cepi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

ChAdOx1 NiV vaccination protects against lethal Nipah Bangladesh virus infection in African green monkeys

Doremalen

Avanzato

Feldmann

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic and re-emerging virus which causes sporadic but severe infections in humans. Currently, no vaccines against NiV have been approved. We previously showed that ChAdOx1 NiV provides full protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh (NiV-B) in hamsters. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV in the lethal African green monkeys (AGMs) NiV challenge model. AGMs were vaccinated either 4 weeks before challenge (prime vaccination), or 8 and 4 weeks before challenge with ChAdOx1 NiV (prime-boost vaccination). A robust humoral and cellular response was detected starting 14 days post initial vaccination. Upon challenge, control animals displayed a variety of signs and had to be euthanized between 5- and 7-days post inoculation. In contrast, vaccinated animals showed no signs of disease, and we were unable to detect infectious virus in all but one swab and all tissues. Importantly, no to limited antibodies against fusion protein or nucleoprotein IgG could be detected 42 days post challenge, suggesting that vaccination induced a very robust protective immune response preventing extensive virus replication.

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Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom

Cited by 288 publications

References 23 publications

Real-world effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a meta-analysis of large observational studies

Real-world effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a meta-analysis of large observational studies

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom

ChAdOx1 NiV vaccination protects against lethal Nipah Bangladesh virus infection in African green monkeys

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