Impact of upper body precooling during warm-up on subsequent time trial paced cycling in the heat

Katica, Charles P.; Wingo, Jonathan E.; Herron, Robert L.; Ryan, Greg; Bishop, Stacy H.; Richardson, Mark T.

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.007

Cited by 13 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The average age of participants was 24.6 years (ranging between 19.9 [32] and 34.8 [22]), and the VO 2 max varied from 55.7 [33,38] to 71.6 mL/kg/min [40]. Regarding sport modality, studies included a wide variety of athletes, both individual (cyclists [18,19,24,30,[37][38][39][40][41][42], runners [20][21][22]43], triathletes [23][24][25]42], and tennis players [26]), and team-sport players (covering cricket [27][28][29], soccer [31], lacrosse [32], and other non-specified team sports [33]). Furthermore, three studies included volunteers who recreationally practice various sport activities [34][35][36].…”

Section: Participant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the studies analyzed the acute effects of pre-cooling on sports performance and compared it with non-pre-cooling controls. A total of 20 studies evaluated external techniques through 28 interventions [18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26][27][28][29][31][32][33][37][38][39][40][41]43], 8 assessed internal techniques (intake of ice or cold water) [23,30,31,[34][35][36]42,43], and 3 investigated mixed strategies (a combination of external and internal methods) [31,40,43].…”

Section: Intervention Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes

Rodríguez

Piedra

Sánchez-Fernández

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The current systematic review evaluated the effects of different pre-cooling techniques on sports performance in highly-trained athletes under high temperature conditions. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies performing pre-cooling interventions in non-acclimatized highly-trained athletes (>55 mL/kg/min of maximal oxygen consumption) under heat conditions (≥30 °C) were included. The searched reported 26 articles. Pre-cooling techniques can be external (exposure to ice water, cold packs, or cooling clothes), internal (intake of cold water or ice), or mixed. Cooling prior to exercise concluded increases in distance covered (1.5–13.1%), mean power output (0.9–6.9%), time to exhaustion (19–31.9%), work (0.1–8.5%), and mean peak torque (10.4–22.6%), as well as reductions in completion time (0.6–6.5%). Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques, being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocols. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments. This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility, as well as the time of application, obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocols.

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Section: Participant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intervention Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes

Rodríguez

Piedra

Sánchez-Fernández

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…These garments are designed such that it covers the entire torso, and facilitates heat removal primarily through conduction. Albeit, the cooling capacity of such garments can be limited due to a contact interface of only 5-10% of the total body surface area (Luomala et al, 2012) failing to lower core temperatures when worn during normothermic rest (Duffield et al, 2003;Quod et al, 2008), they are still effective to limit excessive increases in core temperature during warm-up (Arngrïmsson et al, 2004;Hunter et al, 2006;Stannard et al, 2011;Katica et al, 2018). This is likely explained by the increase in circulation and heat production resulting from the warm-up, which may have better facilitated heat transfer to the vest.…”

Section: Warm-up or Pre-cooling Before Competition?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Translating Science Into Practice: The Perspective of the Doha 2019 IAAF World Championships in the Heat

Racinais

Casa

Brocherie

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Hot and humid ambient conditions may play a major role during the endurance events of the 2019 IAAF world championships, the 2020 summer Olympics and many other sports events. Here, various countermeasures with scientific evidence are put in perspective of their practical application. This manuscript is not a comprehensive review, but rather a set of applied recommendations built upon sound scientific reasoning and experience with elite athletes. The primary recommendation for an athlete who will be competing in the heat, will be to train in the heat. This acclimatization phase should last for 2 weeks and be programmed to accommodate the taper and travel requirements. Despite extensive laboratory-based research, hydration strategies within athletics are generally dictated by the race characteristics. The main opportunities for hydration are during the preparation and recovery phases. In competition, depending on thirst, feeling, and energy requirements, water may be ingested or poured. The athletes should also adapt their warm-up routines to the environmental conditions, as it may do more harm than good. Avoiding harm includes limiting unnecessary heat exposure before the event, warming-up with cooling aids such as ice-vest or cold/iced drinks, and avoiding clothing or accessories limiting sweat evaporation. From a medical perspective, exertional heat stroke should be considered immediately when an athlete collapses or struggles during exercise in the heat with central nervous system disorders. Once a rectal temperature >40.5 • C is confirmed, cooling (via cold water immersion) should be undertaken as soon as possible (cool first/transport second).

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“…These include precooling (Katica et al. ), chronic exposure to altitude (Kenney et al. ), heat acclimation (Kenney et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, various pretreatment strategies have been performed to date, depending on environmental conditions, exercise intensities, and contraction types. These include precooling (Katica et al 2018), chronic exposure to altitude (Kenney et al 2015), heat acclimation (Kenney et al 2015), nutritional supplement (Mishima et al 2008), and thermal treatment (Touchberry et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal pretreatment facilitates recovery from prolonged low-frequency force depression in rat fast-twitch muscle

et al. 2018

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The aim of this study was to examine whether thermal pretreatment can accelerate recovery from prolonged low‐frequency force depression. The hindlimbs of thermal treated (T‐treated) rats were immersed in water heated to 42.0°C for 20 min (thermal pretreatment). The thermal pretreatment was performed once a day for 5 days before fatiguing stimulation. Intact gastrocnemius muscles were electrically stimulated via the sciatic nerve until force was reduced to ~50% of the initial and dissected immediately [recovery 0 (REC0)] or 60 min [recovery 60 (REC60)] following the cessation of stimulation. Using skinned fiber prepared from the superficial region, the ratio of force at 1 Hz to that at 50 Hz (low‐to‐high force ratio), the ratio of depolarization (depol)‐induced force to maximum Ca2+‐activated force (depol/max Ca2+ force ratio), the steepness of force‐Ca2+ concentration curves, and myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity were measured. At REC0, the low‐to‐high force ratio and depol/max Ca2+ force ratio decreased in stimulated muscles from both non‐ and thermal‐treated rats. At REC60, these two parameters remained depressed in non‐treated rats, whereas they reverted to resting levels in T‐treated rats. Thermal pretreatment exerted no effect on myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. The present results reveal that thermal pretreatment can facilitate recovery of submaximum force after vigorous contraction, which is mediated via a quick return of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to resting levels.

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Impact of upper body precooling during warm-up on subsequent time trial paced cycling in the heat

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes

A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes

Translating Science Into Practice: The Perspective of the Doha 2019 IAAF World Championships in the Heat

Thermal pretreatment facilitates recovery from prolonged low-frequency force depression in rat fast-twitch muscle

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