“…However, these indirect methods for studying thermodynamics have their limitations. With the well-known surface of QDs and the establishment of ligand exchange models, ITC, a direct method for monitoring thermal change, is increasingly used to study the thermodynamics of ligand exchange. ,− Thus, a more in-depth characterization of the ligand exchange can be conducted to reflect the most authentic ligand exchange. In addition to the coordination between the head groups of organic ligands and the surface of QDs, there is a weak noncovalent interaction between the tail groups of ligands.…”