Impact of Treated Industrial Effluent on Physical and Chemical Properties of Three Subtropical Soils and Millet Nutrition

Chemical attributes of percolate from degraded sand soil irrigated with treated industrial wastewater

“…This soil has an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil with the predominance of clay and kaolinite (1:1). The sample used in the experiment was collected from the top 0.2 m. It was air‐dried, homogenized, and sieved (2 mm mesh) for chemical and physical characterization (Carlos et al., 2017). Clay was determined by the densimeter method, and the organic matter content was determined by the Walkley Black method.…”

“…Potassium and sodium were extracted by mehlich‐1 and determined by a flame photometer. Phosphorus was also extracted by mehlich‐1 and determined by a photocolorimeter (Carlos et al., 2017). The characteristics of the soil are shown in Exhibit 2 .…”

“…The percolate was collected, and its pH and EC were determined by potentiometry (Carlos et al., 2017). Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium concentrations were determined, in previously filtered and acidified samples from the experiment, with an optically induced plasma spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Optima 7000 DV, PerkinElmer Corporation, Norwalk, CT).…”

“…Potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium concentrations were determined, in previously filtered and acidified samples from the experiment, with an optically induced plasma spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Optima 7000 DV, PerkinElmer Corporation, Norwalk, CT). The levels of ammonium and nitrate were determined by steam distillation (micro Kjeldahl) with subsequent titrometry (Carlos et al., 2017), and the BOD was determined by the 5210D respirometric assay (APHA, 2012). This BOD method is based on the oxygen consumption of the sample for a period of 5 days.…”

“…In spite of the above‐mentioned constraints, disposing of wastewaters in degraded areas such as coal and clay mining areas (Carlos et al., 2017) has been shown to be feasible because the nutrients and dissolved organic carbon it contains improve nutrient availability and accelerate land recovery (Barr et al., 2020). However, the application of wastewater on degraded soil remains uncommon, slow, and difficult, mainly due to the absence of an A horizon.…”