Impact of titanium precursors on formation and electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Kang, Chung-Yuan; Krajewski, Marcin; Lin, Jeng‐Yu

doi:10.1007/s10008-020-04831-8

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…LTO synthesis techniques have been developed using various titanium and lithium raw materials with the main objective of a low-cost process and good control of the final product morphology. Thus, the choice of precursor for the LTO synthesis is crucial for its application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because the particle dispersibility and particle size have peculiar features yielding high Li + diffusion coefficient and better kinetics of Li + ions during charge transfer reactions [ 178 , 179 ]. In the pseudo-binary phase diagram of the Li 2 O-TiO 2 system, the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 region is extremely narrow, making the growth of phase-pure LTO difficult.…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When sol-2 was gradually added to sol-3 within 45 min, pure LTO was obtained, while a quick mixture within 3 min produced an LTO/rutile (1.7%) hybrid. Recently, Kang et al [ 178 ] investigated the impact of titanium precursors on the formation and electrochemical properties of LTO synthesized via sol–gel method. Lithium acetate dihydrate, anatase TiO 2 or tetrabutyl titanate (TBT), and citric acid (CA) were used as Li sources, Ti sources, and chelating agents, respectively.…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Julien,

Mauger

2024

Micromachines

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The most popular anode material in commercial Li-ion batteries is still graphite. However, its low intercalation potential is close to that of lithium, which results in the dendritic growth of lithium at its surface, and the formation of a passivation film that limits the rate capability and may result in safety hazards. High-performance anodes are thus needed. In this context, lithium titanite oxide (LTO) has attracted attention as this anode material has important advantages. Due to its higher lithium intercalation potential (1.55 V vs. Li+/Li), the dendritic deposition of lithium is avoided, and the safety is increased. In addition, LTO is a zero-strain material, as the volume change upon lithiation-delithiation is negligible, which increases the cycle life of the battery. Finally, the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in LTO (2 × 10−8 cm2 s−1) is larger than in graphite, which, added to the fact that the dendritic effect is avoided, increases importantly the rate capability. The LTO anode has two drawbacks. The energy density of the cells equipped with LTO anode is lower compared with the same cells with graphite anode, because the capacity of LTO is limited to 175 mAh g−1, and because of the higher redox potential. The main drawback, however, is the low electrical conductivity (10−13 S cm−1) and ionic conductivity (10−13–10−9 cm2 s−1). Different strategies have been used to address this drawback: nano-structuration of LTO to reduce the path of Li+ ions and electrons inside LTO, ion doping, and incorporation of conductive nanomaterials. The synthesis of LTO with the appropriate structure and the optimized doping and the synthesis of composites incorporating conductive materials is thus the key to achieving high-rate capability. That is why a variety of synthesis recipes have been published on the LTO-based anodes. The progress in the synthesis of LTO-based anodes in recent years is such that LTO is now considered a substitute for graphite in lithium-ion batteries for many applications, including electric cars and energy storage to solve intermittence problems of wind mills and photovoltaic plants. In this review, we examine the different techniques performed to fabricate LTO nanostructures. Details of the synthesis recipes and their relation to electrochemical performance are reported, allowing the extraction of the most powerful synthesis processes in relation to the recent experimental results.

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Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Julien,

Mauger

2024

Micromachines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 For example, the commercial Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode material with excellent safety and cycling stability delivers a capacity of 150 mA h g −1 , which is close to its theoretical capacity (165 mA h g −1 ). [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Creating nanometer-sized structures is the most commonly used approach to increase the capacity; however, these nano-architectures lead to degradation during electrochemical cycling. [22][23][24] In addition, most Ti-based anode materials have a very high working potential (∼1.5 V vs. Li + /Li), which compromises the full cell voltage and energy density, limiting the practical application of Ti-based anode materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%