Impact of the Velocity Profile on Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The driving range of electric vehicles is an important issue. The velocity profile can have an important impact on their energy consumption and thus their driving range. In this paper, a commercial electric vehicle is studied. The model of its traction subsystems is developed using a forward approach. A specific driving cycle generator is then coupled with this model. A feedback from the model to the generator allows for recalculation of the velocity reference in case of a limitation due to the electrical drives, for a more accurate estimation of energy consumption. Different trips are then studied with this method. The maximal velocity has a strong impact on the energy consumption while the maximal acceleration has a low impact.

Annual Variation in Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle Used for Commuting

“…The traction subsystem of the electric vehicle is composed of an electric drive, a gearbox, the wheels and a chassis. The modeling of the traction subsystem has been developed in [22].…”

“…The EMR of the traction subsystem of the EV is given in Figure 2. EMR is a way to organize both the modeling equations and the control scheme (blue parallelograms), which are described in detail in [22]. A closed-loop controller is used to simulate the driver and provide the reference of the total force F tot-ref (action on the acceleration and braking pedals).…”

“…Battery capacity decreases and battery losses increase when the temperature falls below 0 • C [17][18][19]. Moreover, traffic conditions [20][21][22][23] such as velocity limitations, accelerations, traffic jams and traffic stops also have an important impact. Furthermore, driver behavior [21][22][23][24] impacts the energy consumption of the vehicle.…”

“…Another group of methods is based on physical vehicle modeling [27]. These methods are generally used for energy consumption calculations [13,22], routing problems [28] and energy management strategies [29,30]. They also depend on the parameters of the vehicle and are more flexible in application.…”

“…In [22] an accurate traction model of an EV has been developed to study the impact of velocity profiles on energy consumption, independently of the other factors (such as the climate, driver behaviors or traffic). In this paper, the comfort subsystem of the vehicle is added to the previously developed vehicle model.…”