Impact of the teaching method of the rub-in technique for learning hygienic hand disinfection in medical studies: a comparative effectiveness analysis of two techniques

Comparing the effectiveness of hand hygiene techniques in reducing the microbial load and covering hand surfaces in healthcare workers: Updated systematic review

“…Of these, 4,634 were duplicates, resulting in 23,981 records being eligible for stage two of the selection process. After screening of titles and abstracts for eligibility, 51 records were selected for fulltext review, of which nine 6,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] were included in the review. The characteristics of these studies are shown in Table 1.…”

“…Using the EPOC study design criteria, 25 of the studies included, 4 were RCTs, 28,30,31,34 one was a crossover RCT, 33 3 were noncontrolled before and after studies (NCBAs) 6,32,35 and one was a crossover NRT. 29 All studies used ABHR to investigate some aspects of the WHO 6-step HH technique.…”

“…29 All studies used ABHR to investigate some aspects of the WHO 6-step HH technique. The primary outcome of all studies was the bacterial load on the hands of HCWs measured in colony-forming units (CFUs), apart from Sakmen et al, 31 in which the primary outcome measure was percentage hand surface coverage. Time and hand coverage were assessed in addition to bacterial load outcome in two 28,30 and three 30,32,35 studies, respectively.…”

“…Time and hand coverage were assessed in addition to bacterial load outcome in two 28,30 and three 30,32,35 studies, respectively. The participants were doctors and nurses, 28,30,35 medical students, [31][32][33] or HCWs, 6,29,34 while the settings included hospitals, 6,28,30,34,35 hospital laboratories 29,33 or university hospital training facilities. 31,32 The studies that compared the 6-step technique to other approaches [28][29][30][31]33,34 and the studies that investigated the effectiveness of the 6-step technique were analyzed and discussed separately.…”

“…The participants were doctors and nurses, 28,30,35 medical students, [31][32][33] or HCWs, 6,29,34 while the settings included hospitals, 6,28,30,34,35 hospital laboratories 29,33 or university hospital training facilities. 31,32 The studies that compared the 6-step technique to other approaches [28][29][30][31]33,34 and the studies that investigated the effectiveness of the 6-step technique were analyzed and discussed separately. 6,32,35 The studies were further categorized per type of settings, while the studies comparing 6-step technique to other techniques were further grouped according to the comparator.…”