Impact of the reference choice on scalp EEG connectivity estimation

Chella, Federico; Pizzella, Vittorio; Zappasodi, Filippo; Marzetti, Laura

doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036016

Cited by 110 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…In addition, REST is limited by the choice of head model employed. When an accurate, personalised, head model is available REST has been reported to be superior to other referencing methods in its ability to identify patterns of connectivity (Chella et al 2016). However, head models that are completely accurate in their representations of paths of electrical resistance in the brain are difficult to obtain, limiting the utility of this method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective brain–computer music interfacing

et al. 2016

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Abstract. ObjectiveWe aim to develop and evaluate an affective Brain-computer music interface (aBCMI) modulating the affective states of its users. ApproachAn aBCMI is constructed to detect a user's current affective state and attempt to modulate it in order to achieve specific objectives (for example, making the user calmer or happier) by playing music which is generated according to a specific affective target by an algorithm music composition system and a case-based reasoning system. The system is trained and tested in a longitudinal study on a population of 8 healthy participants, with each participant returning for multiple sessions. Main ResultsThe final online aBCMI is able to detect its users current affective states with classification accuracies of up to 65% (3 class, p< 0.01) and modulate its user's affective states significantly above chance level (p< 0.05). SignificanceOur system represents one of the first demonstrations of an online affective braincomputer music interface that is able to accurately detect and respond to user's affective states. Possible applications include use in music therapy and entertainment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective brain–computer music interfacing

et al. 2016

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“…Taking the mean of the activity of all electrodes as a reference is commonly used and is widely accepted in ERP studies. However, other references, such as zero reference or REST [24,25] or other procedures such as Scalp Current Density [26], which is reference-free are alternatives for avoiding the influence of reference electrodes. The REST is in particular recommended for the spectral analysis, computation of coherence among difference electrode, and in functional connectivity studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Selection Accompanied by Eye Vergence as Revealed by Event-Related Brain Potentials

Puig¹,

Marco-Pallarés²,

Zapata³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Neural mechanisms of attention allow selective sensory information processing. Top-down deployment of visual-spatial attention is conveyed by cortical feedback connections from frontal regions to lower sensory areas modulating late stimulus responses. A recent study reported the occurrence of small eye vergence during orienting top-down attention. Here we assessed a possible link between vergence and attention by comparing visual event related potentials (vERPs) to a cue stimulus that induced attention to shift towards the target location to the vERPs to a no-cue stimulus that did not trigger orienting attention. The results replicate the findings of eye vergence responses during orienting attention and show that the strength and time of eye vergence coincide with the onset and strength of the vERPs when subjects oriented attention. Our findings therefore support the idea that eye vergence relates to and possibly has a role in attentional selection.

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“…Furthermore, this infinity reference (REST) is considered to be located far from all brain sources and scalp electrodes, and thus it induces a small effect on EEG signals. Previous studies have demonstrated that REST reference can approximately recover the EEG temporal waveform, power spectrum (Yao, 2001), EEG coherence (Marzetti et al, 2007), EEG connectivity patterns (Chella et al, 2016), and EEG network configuration (Qin et al, 2010). Also, simulation studies using a concentric three-sphere head model and a realistic head model (Zhai and Yao, 2004) have confirmed the accurateness of the REST reconstruction, even when a low-density montage was used (Liu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

et al. 2017

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In simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, average reference (AR), and digitally linked mastoid (LM) are popular re-referencing techniques in event-related potential (ERP) analyses. However, they may introduce their own physiological signals and alter the EEG/ERP outcome. A reference electrode standardization technique (REST) that calculated a reference point at infinity was proposed to solve this problem. To confirm the advantage of REST in ERP analyses of synchronous EEG-fMRI studies, we compared the reference effect of AR, LM, and REST on task-related ERP results of a working memory task during an fMRI scan. As we hypothesized, we found that the adopted reference did not change the topography map of ERP components (N1 and P300 in the present study), but it did alter the task-related effect on ERP components. LM decreased or eliminated the visual working memory (VWM) load effect on P300, and the AR distorted the distribution of VWM location-related effect at left posterior electrodes as shown in the statistical parametric scalp mapping (SPSM) of N1. ERP cortical source estimates, which are independent of the EEG reference choice, were used as the golden standard to infer the relative utility of different references on the ERP task-related effect. By comparison, REST reference provided a more integrated and reasonable result. These results were further confirmed by the results of fMRI activations and a corresponding EEG-only study. Thus, we recommend the REST, especially with a realistic head model, as the optimal reference method for ERP data analysis in simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies.

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Impact of the reference choice on scalp EEG connectivity estimation

Cited by 110 publications

References 102 publications

Affective brain–computer music interfacing

Affective brain–computer music interfacing

Attentional Selection Accompanied by Eye Vergence as Revealed by Event-Related Brain Potentials

A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

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