Abstract:Optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) is a complex and non-linear problem, and is one of the sub-problems of optimal power flow (OPF) in a power system. ORPD is formulated as a single-objective problem to minimize the active power loss in a transmission system. In this work, power from distributed generation (DG) is integrated into a conventional power system and the ORPD problem is solved to minimize transmission line power loss. It proves that the application of DG not only contributes to power loss minimiz… Show more
“…To address such control issues in the view of getting high efficiency and better dynamic response, there are couple of control algorithms like genetic algorithms (GA), improved GA, partial swarm optimization (PSO), evolutionary programming (EP), hybrid evolutionary strategy, seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), bacterial-foraging optimization (BFO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), differential evolution (DE), and artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC). Recently, few more advanced algorithms such as whale optimization algorithm, enhanced red wolf optimization, improved social spider optimization (ISSO), antlion optimization algorithm (AOA), JAYA algorithms ,PSO extended algorithms like R-PSO,L-PSO,PSO-CFA, improved PSO based on success rate (IPSO-SR), fruit fly optimization algorithm (FFOA), and modified fruit fly optimization algorithm (MFFOA) are also used with basic control laws like PID and SMC for the control of power converters [78].…”
Section: Smart Control Algorithms For Bidirectional Dc-dc Convertersmentioning
The entire article has been dedicated to cover the current state of the art in bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies and its smart control algorithms, identified the research gaps and concluded with the motivation for taking up the work. It covers the literature survey of bidirectional buck–boost DC-DC converters, and control schemes are carried out on two aspects, one is on topology perspective and another one is on control schemes. Different topologies with and without transformers of bidirectional DC-DC converters are discussed. Non-isolated converters establish the DC path between input and output sides while transformer-based converters cancel the DC path in between input and output sides since it introduces AC line between two DC lines just like in flyback converter. Transformer-less converter is preferred when there is no much protection needed for load from high voltage levels, also these converters are used in high-power applications. The bidirectional DC-DC converter can switch the power between two DC sources and the load. To do so, it has to use proper control schemes and control algorithms. It can store the excess energy in batteries or in super capacitors. In contrast, isolated topologies contain transformers in their circuits. Due to this, it offers advantages like safeguarding sensitive loads from high power which is at input side. In addition to it, multiple input and output ports can be established. With the isolation in DC-DC converters, input and output sections are separated from electrical stand point of view. With isolation, both input and output sections will not be having common ground point. The DC path is removed with isolation due to usage of transformer in DC-DC converters. In contrast to its features, it is capable to be used in low-power applications since transformer is switching at high frequency, the size of the coil reduces and hence it can handle limited rate of current. The bidirectional DC-DC converters are categorized based on isolation property so-called isolated bidirectional converters. Features and applications of each topology are presented. Comparative analysis w.r.t research gaps between all the topologies is presented. Also the scope of control schemes with artificial intelligence is discussed. Pros and cons of each control scheme, i.e. research gaps in control schemes and impact of control scheme for bidirectional DC-DC converters, are also presented.
“…To address such control issues in the view of getting high efficiency and better dynamic response, there are couple of control algorithms like genetic algorithms (GA), improved GA, partial swarm optimization (PSO), evolutionary programming (EP), hybrid evolutionary strategy, seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), bacterial-foraging optimization (BFO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), differential evolution (DE), and artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC). Recently, few more advanced algorithms such as whale optimization algorithm, enhanced red wolf optimization, improved social spider optimization (ISSO), antlion optimization algorithm (AOA), JAYA algorithms ,PSO extended algorithms like R-PSO,L-PSO,PSO-CFA, improved PSO based on success rate (IPSO-SR), fruit fly optimization algorithm (FFOA), and modified fruit fly optimization algorithm (MFFOA) are also used with basic control laws like PID and SMC for the control of power converters [78].…”
Section: Smart Control Algorithms For Bidirectional Dc-dc Convertersmentioning
The entire article has been dedicated to cover the current state of the art in bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies and its smart control algorithms, identified the research gaps and concluded with the motivation for taking up the work. It covers the literature survey of bidirectional buck–boost DC-DC converters, and control schemes are carried out on two aspects, one is on topology perspective and another one is on control schemes. Different topologies with and without transformers of bidirectional DC-DC converters are discussed. Non-isolated converters establish the DC path between input and output sides while transformer-based converters cancel the DC path in between input and output sides since it introduces AC line between two DC lines just like in flyback converter. Transformer-less converter is preferred when there is no much protection needed for load from high voltage levels, also these converters are used in high-power applications. The bidirectional DC-DC converter can switch the power between two DC sources and the load. To do so, it has to use proper control schemes and control algorithms. It can store the excess energy in batteries or in super capacitors. In contrast, isolated topologies contain transformers in their circuits. Due to this, it offers advantages like safeguarding sensitive loads from high power which is at input side. In addition to it, multiple input and output ports can be established. With the isolation in DC-DC converters, input and output sections are separated from electrical stand point of view. With isolation, both input and output sections will not be having common ground point. The DC path is removed with isolation due to usage of transformer in DC-DC converters. In contrast to its features, it is capable to be used in low-power applications since transformer is switching at high frequency, the size of the coil reduces and hence it can handle limited rate of current. The bidirectional DC-DC converters are categorized based on isolation property so-called isolated bidirectional converters. Features and applications of each topology are presented. Comparative analysis w.r.t research gaps between all the topologies is presented. Also the scope of control schemes with artificial intelligence is discussed. Pros and cons of each control scheme, i.e. research gaps in control schemes and impact of control scheme for bidirectional DC-DC converters, are also presented.
“…The emergence of DGs has changed the power flow and fault current characteristics of the network. On the one hand, DGs cause bi-directional power flow and uncertain magnitude and direction of load current and fault current, while on the other, the output currents of DGs that use solar and wind energy fluctuate [1][2][3]. Because of the above factors, it is difficult to set the threshold value for conventional overcurrent protection, and its protection range, sensitivity and reliability are severely affected.…”
The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribution network, in a way which can severely influence protection. This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme. The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed. The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed. Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection, the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels, and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics. Finally, a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS. Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.
“…Because of these benefits, SOFC is considered to be one of the most promising FC technologies [27,28]. With the continuous development and progress of FC technology, SOFC can serve a large variety of applications, including mobile [29], auxiliary power units (APU) [30,31], backup power systems, stationary small-scale combined heat and power systems, and medium-large scale power generation systems [32]. Therefore the commercial application of SOFC is very broad.…”
Hydrogen energy is a promising renewable resource for the sustainable development of society. As a key member of the fuel cell (FC) family, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has attracted a lot of attention because of characteristics such as having various sources as fuel and high energy conversion efficiency, and being pollution-free. SOFC is a highly coupled, nonlinear, and multivariable complex system, and thus it is very important to design an appropriate control strategy for an SOFC system to ensure its safe, reliable, and efficient operation. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review and detailed summary of the state-of-the-art control approaches of SOFC. These approaches are divided into eight categories of control: proportional integral differential (PID), adaptive (APC), robust, model predictive (MPC), fuzzy logic (FLC), fault-tolerant (FTC), intelligent and observer-based. The SOFC control approaches are carefully evaluated in terms of objective, design, application/scenario, robustness, complexity, and accuracy. Finally, five perspectives are proposed for future research directions.
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