Impact of the Major Baltic Inflow in 2014 on Manganese Cycling in the Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea)

Dellwig, Olaf; Schnetger, Bernhard; Meyer, David L.; Pollehne, Falk; Häusler, Katharina; Arz, Helge Wolfgang

doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00248

Cited by 44 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…10. Data were generated from the 36GC-4 Core (see Häusler et al, 2017Häusler et al, , 2018Dellwig et al, 2019, for the Landsort Deep core and site description and age model) and are presented in the data repository.…”

Section: Evidence For Baltic Sea Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) is a laterally extensive, total-organic-carbon-rich succession deposited throughout northwest Europe during the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian (Late Jurassic). It has recently been postulated that an expanded Hadley cell, with an intensified but alternating hydrological cycle, heavily influenced sedimentation and total organic carbon (TOC) enrichment by promoting primary productivity and organic matter burial in the UK sectors of the Boreal Seaway. Consistent with such climate boundary conditions, petrographic observations, total organic carbon and carbonate contents, and major and trace element data presented here indicate that the KCF of the Cleveland Basin was deposited in the Laurasian Seaway under the influence of these conditions. Depositional conditions alternated between three states that produced a distinct cyclicity in the lithological and geochemical records: lower-variability mudstone intervals (LVMIs) which comprise clay-rich mudstone and higher-variability mudstone intervals (HVMIs) which comprise TOC-rich sedimentation and carbonate-rich sedimentation. The lower-variability mudstone intervals dominate the studied interval but are punctuated by three ∼ 2–4 m thick intervals of alternating TOC-rich and carbonate-rich sedimentation (HVMIs). During the lower-variability mudstone intervals, conditions were quiescent with oxic to suboxic bottom water conditions. During the higher-variability mudstone intervals, highly dynamic conditions resulted in repeated switching of the redox system in a way similar to the modern deep basins of the Baltic Sea. During carbonate-rich sedimentation, oxic conditions prevailed, most likely due to elevated depositional energies at the seafloor by current–wave action. During TOC-rich sedimentation, intermittent anoxic–euxinic conditions led to an enrichment of redox-sensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals at the seafloor and a preservation of organic matter, and an active Mn–Fe particulate shuttle delivered redox-sensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals to the seafloor. In addition, based on TOC–S–Fe relationships, organic matter sulfurization appears to have increased organic material preservation in about half of the analysed samples throughout the core, while the remaining samples were either dominated by excess Fe input into the system or experienced pyrite oxidation and sulfur loss during oxygenation events. New Hg∕TOC data do not provide evidence of increased volcanism during this time, consistent with previous work. Set in the context of recent climate modelling, our study provides a comprehensive example of the dynamic climate-driven depositional and redox conditions that can control TOC and metal accumulations in a shallow epicontinental sea, and it is therefore key to understanding the formation of similar deposits throughout Earth's history.

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Section: Evidence For Baltic Sea Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

et al. 2019

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“…enrichments of Mn relative to the LVMIs (Fig. 6), argue that oxygen must have been present at the seafloor, at least episodically (Dellwig et al, 2018;Macquaker et al, 2010). A positive correlation between Mn/Al and CaCO3 in the HVMIs (Fig.…”

Section: Redox Conditions In the Higher Variability Mudstone Intervalmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Nevertheless, this scenario has similarities to the modern Baltic Sea deeps (Landsort Deep, Gotland Basin) that display dramatic shifts between euxinic conditions during stagnation and oxic conditions during North Sea water incursions, leading to the sequestration of large amounts of Mn carbonate into the sediments (Dellwig et al, 2018;Häusler et al, 2018;Scholz et al, 2018).…”

Section: Redox Conditions In the Higher Variability Mudstone Intervalmentioning

confidence: 92%

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

Atar¹,

März²,

Aplin³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) is a laterally extensive, total organic carbon-rich succession deposited throughout Northwest Europe during the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian (Late Jurassic). Here we present a petrographic and geochemical dataset for a 40 metre-thick section of a well-preserved drill core recovering thermally-immature deposits of the KCF in the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, UK), covering an interval of approximately 800 kyr. The new data are discussed in the context of depositional processes, sediment source and supply, transport and dispersal mechanisms, water column redox conditions, and basin restriction. Armstrong et al. (2016) recently postulated that an expanded Hadley Cell, with an intensified but alternating hydrological cycle, heavily influenced sedimentation and total organic carbon (TOC) enrichment, through promoting the primary productivity and organic matter burial, in the UK sectors of the Boreal Seaway. Consistent with such climate boundary conditions, petrographic observations, total organic carbon and carbonate contents, and major and trace element data presented here indicate that the KCF of the Cleveland Basin was deposited in the distal part of the Laurasian Seaway. Depositional conditions alternated between three states that produced a distinct cyclicity in the lithological and geochemical records: lower variability mudstone intervals (LVMIs) which comprise of clay-rich mudstone, TOC-rich sedimentation, and carbonate-rich sedimentation. The lower variability mudstone intervals dominate the studied interval but are punctuated by three ~ 2–4 m thick intervals of alternating TOC-rich and carbonate-rich sedimentation (here termed higher variability mudstone intervals, HVMIs). During the lower variability mudstone intervals, conditions were quiescent with oxic to sub-oxic bottom water conditions. During the higher variability mudstone intervals, highly dynamic conditions resulted in repeated switching of the redox system in a way similar to the modern deep basins of the Baltic Sea. During carbonate-rich sedimentation, oxic conditions prevailed, most likely due to elevated depositional energies at the seafloor by current/wave action. During TOC-rich sedimentation, anoxic-euxinic conditions led to an enrichment of redox sensitive/sulphide forming trace metals at the seafloor and a preservation of organic matter, and an active Mn-Fe particulate shuttle delivered redox sensitive/sulphide forming trace metals to the seafloor. In addition, based on TOC–S–Fe relationships, organic matter sulphurisation appears to have increased organic material preservation in about half of the analysed samples throughout the core, while the remaining samples were either dominated by excess Fe input into the system or experienced pyrite oxidation and sulphur loss during oxygenation events. New Hg/TOC data do not provide evidence of increased volcanism during this time, consistent with previous work. Set in the context of recent climate modelling, our study provides a comprehensive example of the dynamic climate-driven depositional and redox conditions that can control TOC and metal accumulations in the distal part of a shallow epicontinental sea, and is therefore key to understanding the formation of similar deposits throughout Earth's history.

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“…Then, in the 508 sulfidic waters, slow-sinking MnOx enriched in OM will be dissolved liberating the OM and 509 altering the vertical distribution and the flux of all associated particle elements (Glockzin et al, 510 2014). The precipitation of MnOx could be enhanced by the oxygenation of the otherwise anoxic 511 deep of the Baltic Sea caused by the 2014/105 MBI (Dellwig et al, 2018), those particles could 512 bind with phosphorous and trace metals trapping them in the redoxcline (Dellwig et al, 2010). 513…”

Section: Gb and The Ld 478mentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Vertical Flux of Particulate Organic Matter to the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Central Baltic Sea: Impact of a sporadic North Sea inflow

Cisternas-Novoa¹,

Moigne²,

Engel³

2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Sinking particles are the main form to transport photosynthetically fixed carbon from the euphotic zone to the ocean interior. Oxygen (O2) depletion may improve the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. However, how the lack of O2 mechanistically enhances particulate organic matter (POM) fluxes is not well understood. In the Baltic Sea, the Gotland Basin (GB) and the Landsort Deep (LD) exhibit permanent bottom-water hypoxia, this is on occasions alleviated by Major Baltic Inflow (MBI), such as the one that occurred in 2014/2015 which oxygenated the bottom waters of the GB (but not of the LD). Here, we investigate the distribution and fluxes of POM in the GB and the LD in June 2015 and how they were affected by the 2015 MBI. Fluxes and composition of sinking particles were different in the GB and the LD. In the GB, POC flux was 18&#8201;% lower at 40&#8201;m than at 180&#8201;m. Particulate nitrogen (PN) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) fluxes decreased with depth, and particulate organic phosphorous (POP), biogenic silicate (BSi), Chl a, and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) clearly peaked within the core of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which coincided with a high flux of manganese oxide (MnOx)-like particles. Contrastingly, in the LD, POC, PN, and CSP fluxes decreased 28, 42 and 56&#8201;% respectively from 40 to 180&#8201;m. POP, BSi, and TEP fluxes, however, did not decrease with depth and only a slightly higher flux was measured at 110&#8201;m. MnOx-like particle flux was two orders of magnitude higher in the GB relative to the LD. MnOx-like particles formed after the inflow of oxygenated water into the deep GB may form aggregates with POM. Our results suggest, that when the deep waters of GB were oxygenated (2014/2015 North Sea inflow), not only transparent exopolymeric particles, as indicated previously, but also POC, POP, BSi, and Chl a may bind to MnOx-like particles. POM associated with MnOx-like particles may accumulate in the redoxcline, where they formed larger particles that eventually sank to the seafloor. We propose that this mechanism would alter the vertical distribution and the flux of POM, and it may contribute to the higher transfer efficiency of POC in the GB. This is consistent with the fact that the OM reaching the seafloor was fresher and less degraded in the GB than in the LD.

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Impact of the Major Baltic Inflow in 2014 on Manganese Cycling in the Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea)

Cited by 44 publications

References 109 publications

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK

Composition and Vertical Flux of Particulate Organic Matter to the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Central Baltic Sea: Impact of a sporadic North Sea inflow

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