Impact of the Main Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles and Their Influence on the Heart’s Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

The majority of cardiovascular deaths are associated with acute coronary syndrome, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Therapeutic reperfusion alone can contribute up to 40 percent of total infarct size following coronary artery occlusion, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Its size depends on many factors, including the main risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and total cholesterol level as well as obesity, diabetes, and physical effort. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated particles released by every type of cell, which can carry content that affects the functioning of other tissues. Their role is essential in the communication between healthy and dysfunctional cells. In this article, data on the variability of the content of EVs in patients with the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors is presented, and their influence on IRI is discussed.

Extracellular vesicles in atherothrombosis: From biomarkers and precision medicine to therapeutic targets

“…A large body of evidence shows that EVs are modulated by both cardiovascular risk factors 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 and diseases. 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 We and others have explored EVs for their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic as biomarkers of the entire spectrum of atherothrombotic CVD ranging from peripheral artery disease 56 to coronary heart 49 , 50 and cerebrovascular disease.…”

Trends in research on sick sinus syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

“…In addition, many patients were not suitable or unwilling to undergo permanent pacemaker implantation ( 61 ). These problems limited the electronic pacemaker as the most ideal treatment for SSS, and scientists began to look for a more ideal treatment, therefore, the biological pacemaker was born on demand under such a background ( 62 ). The biological pacemaker-built sinus node pacing-like cells that perform normal pacing functions in the heart mainly through the regulation of single gene, multiple gene and signaling pathway ( 63 ).…”

Extracellular Vesicles—A New Potential Player in the Immunology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…Currently, we are constantly expanding our knowledge of EVs and their use in medicine, increasingly appreciating their predictive value. We observe their involvement in oncology and general medicine, e.g., cardiology and nephrology [ 26 , 27 ].…”