Impact of the Doping Method on Conductivity and Thermopower in Semiconducting Polythiophenes

Glaudell, Anne M.; Cochran, Justin E.; Patel, Shrayesh N.; Chabinyc, Michael L.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201401072

Cited by 357 publications

(485 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Recently, a lot of work has been reported on p-type thermoelectric organic semiconductors (OSCs), [2][3][4][5][6] for example, achieving a highest power factor PF over 300 µW m −1 K −2 with a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT ≈ 0.25 based on PEDOT derivatives. [5] Compared to p-type OTE, the development of n-type thermoelectric materials is lagging behind, which can www.advelectronicmat.de n-type OTE by studying the most common n-type OSC, PCBM, doped with an N-DBI derivative.…”

Section: High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor In N-type Organicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15] For p-type OTE, most reported experimental data seem to follow an empirical quasi-universal power law relationship between the Seebeck coefficient S and conductivity as S ∝ σ − 1/4 . [2,3] In view of the limited number of reported data, it is still unclear whether n-type OTE also follow this power law, and different power law slopes have been reported. [15,16] Here, we introduce a novel, inverse-sequential doping procedure that mitigates the need for solvent orthogonality in conventional sequential doping to investigate the potential of deposited on a previously cast dopant 4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline film to achieve a very high power factor PF ≈ 35 µW m −1 K −2 with a conductivity σ ≈ 40 S m −1 is introduced.…”

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High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics

Zuo

Wang

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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be attributed to the absence of an n-type equivalent of PEDOT, the overall scarcity of n-type OSCs, and the inefficiency of most n-type dopants. Since most good OSCs that are used as n-type materials like [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and N2200 have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) around −4.0 eV, [7,8] it is very difficult to realize a stable dopant with a HOMO above −4.0 eV as would be required for efficient electron transfer. Fortunately, Wei et al. have reported a promising material, (4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl) dimethylamine (N-DMBI), that can be used as stable n-type dopant due to a two-step thermally activated doping mechanism. [9] Very recently, Huang et al. used this dopant to achieve record values for PF = 105 µW m −1 K −2 and ZT = 0.11 at room temperature for the small molecule A-DCV-DPPTT. [10] Some reports also have demonstrated that dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl (N-DBI) derivatives can improve the electrical conductivity by several orders of magnitude in n-type OTE by solution-processing. For example, Schlitz et al. have shown that solution mixtures of P(NDIOD-T2) with 9 mol% N-DBI derivatives can achieve σ ≈ 1 S m −1 and a PF over 0.6 µW m −1 K −2 . [11] Yuan et al. reported a small-molecule 2DQTT-o-OD that, with 10 wt% of a novel N-DBI derivative incorporated in solution, acquires a PF of 17.2 µW m −1 K −2 at room temperature. [12] Shi et al. achieved a high electron mobility in FBDPPV with σ ≈ 1400 S m −1 and PF ≈ 28 µW m −1 K −2 , when adding around 5 wt% N-DMBI in solution. [13] Despite the positive effect of N-DMBI and N-DBI derivatives on electrical conductivity, it probably fails to further increase σ and PF upon further increasing the volume fraction in solution mixtures due to degradation of the blend morphology. [14] Liu et al. demonstrated a modified fullerene derivative, PTEG-1, that shows an increased miscibility at the nanoscale level and thereby achieved a PF of 16.7 µW m −1 K −2 with σ ≈ 205 S m −1 at 40 mol% of N-DMBI. [15] For p-type OTE, most reported experimental data seem to follow an empirical quasi-universal power law relationship between the Seebeck coefficient S and conductivity as S ∝ σ − 1/4 . [2,3] In view of the limited number of reported data, it is still unclear whether n-type OTE also follow this power law, and different power law slopes have been reported. [15,16] Here, we introduce a novel, inverse-sequential doping procedure that mitigates the need for solvent orthogonality in conventional sequential doping to investigate the potential of deposited on a previously cast dopant 4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline film to achieve a very high power factor PF ≈ 35 µW m −1 K −2 with a conductivity σ ≈ 40 S m −1 is introduced. It is also shown that n-type organic semiconductors obey the −1/4 power law relation between Seebeck coefficient S and σ that are previously found for p-type materials. An analytical model on basis of variable range hopping unifies these results. Th...

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Section: High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor In N-type Organicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics

Zuo

Wang

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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“…We present them in Appendix B for the edification of the interested reader. The next step is to evaluate each of the L (il) coefficients using equation (4). In the previous model it was possible to perform the Fourier transform and analytic continuation analytically, but here we must perform the τ integrals of the current-current correlators numerically for each Matsubara frequency and then numerically perform the analytic continuation and limits.…”

Section: A Calculation Of Transport Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent experiments on thin films of doped polymers such as PEDOT-PSS, PEDOT-Tos, and PBTTT have found both high conductivity and a large thermopower [1][2][3][4] . There are some possible explanations for the source of conductive behavior in polymers 5,6 , but they are not yet definitive; in this paper we will bypass this question and instead analyze a different facet of the problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical and thermal transport in the quasiatomic limit of coupled Luttinger liquids

2017

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We introduce a new model for quasi one-dimensional materials, motivated by intriguing but not yet well-understood experiments that have shown two-dimensional polymer films to be promising materials for thermoelectric devices. We consider a two-dimensional material consisting of many one-dimensional systems, each treated as a Luttinger liquid, with weak (incoherent) coupling between them. This approximation of strong interactions within each one-dimensional chain and weak coupling between them is the "quasi-atomic limit." We find integral expressions for the (interchain) transport coefficients, including the electrical and thermal conductivities and the thermopower, and we extract their power law dependencies on temperature. Luttinger liquid physics is manifested in a violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law; the Lorenz number is larger than the Fermi liquid value by a factor between γ 2 and γ 4 , where γ ≥ 1 is a measure of the electron-electron interaction strength in the system.

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“…[41] Herein attention was set to optimal doping of TTT the key parameter in reaching the best TEG performance systems. [18,42] 2. Results and Discussion…”

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confidence: 99%

Thin Film Organic Thermoelectric Generator Based on Tetrathiotetracene

Pudžs

Vembris

Rutkis

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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Thin films of p-and n-type organic semiconductors for thermo-electrical (TE) applications are produced by doping of tetrathiotetracene (TTT). To obtain p-type material TTT is doped with iodine during vacuum deposition of thin films or by post-deposition doping using controlled exposure to iodine vapors. Thermal co-deposition in vacuum of TTT and TCNQ is used to prepare n-type thin films. The attained thin films are characterized by measurements of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. Seebeck coefficient and conductivity could be varied by altering the doping level. P-type TTT:iodide thin films with a power factor of 0.52 μWm -1 K -2 , electrical conductivity of 130 S m -1 and Seebeck coefficient of 63 μV K -1 and n-type TCNQ:TTT films with power factor of 0.33 μWm -1 K -2 , electrical conductivity of 57 S m -1 and Seebeck coefficient of -75 μV K -1 are produced. Engineered deposition of both p-and n-type thermoelectric conducting elements on the same substrate is demonstrated. A proof of concept prototype of planar thin film TE generator based on a single p-n couple from the organic materials is built and its power generation characterized.

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Impact of the Doping Method on Conductivity and Thermopower in Semiconducting Polythiophenes

Cited by 357 publications

References 52 publications

High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics

High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics

Electrical and thermal transport in the quasiatomic limit of coupled Luttinger liquids

Thin Film Organic Thermoelectric Generator Based on Tetrathiotetracene

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