Impact of the Deafness Problem on Clock Synchronization in a Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract

Observations of natural phenomena are considered to be the best information source of spontaneous synchronization. Natural phenomena tend to match wireless sensor network (WSN) responses closely. Such synchronization is vital for the proper coordination of power cycles for energy conservation. A large number of fireflies employ the principle of pulse-coupled oscillators for light flash emission to attract mating partners. With respect to WSNs, the nodes are generally unable to afford packet transmission and reception simultaneously, thus preventing complete network synchronization. This paper presents a literature overview concerning the impact of the deafness problem on clock synchronization in a WSN. Data transmission based on synchronization can also be ensured through the optimization of energy usage periodic data capturing in a WSN. This study serves as a useful information source of clock synchronization to assist WSN researchers and novices in obtaining a better understanding of the impact of the deafness problem on clock synchronization and to enable them to promote effective designs and systems that address this problem.

Firefly-Inspired Time Synchronization Mechanism for Self-Organizing Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

“…Such protocols are legitimate just in a synchronized network. In this manner, the transmission booking issues [2], [40]- [42] in time synchronization on WSNs are characterized into sender and receiver as appeared in Fig. 1.…”

A Firefly-Inspired Scheme for Energy-Efficient Transmission Scheduling Using a Self-Organizing Method in a Wireless Sensor Networks

“…These networks are small, inexpensive devices that are capable of processing, sensing and transmitting the ecological phenomenon of attention. WSNs have different function forecast in armed, manufacturing and undeveloped observing systems (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2014b). In SNs, the wireless data sensors cooperatively intelligence the surroundings, become aware of the occurrence of attention and finally ahead the data to an enthusiastic BS in time synchronization.…”

“…By determining the reliability of the captured data to be reported to the sink node, the proposed mechanism reduces the transmission delay and consumed energy of the SNs. The major goal of the proposed scheme is to expand a self-organizing time synchronization algorithm by adopting the PCO model following the synchronous flashing of fireflies to counteract deafness and collision (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2014b) in addition to decrease the energy usage of the SNs.…”

Comparative Study on Energy Efficient in Traveling Wave Pulse Coupled Oscillator for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…WSNs are small and inexpensive devices with sensing, processing and transmitting capabilities of environmental phenomena of interest. They have various application prospects, including military, industrial and agricultural monitoring systems (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2013). In addition, the limited processing capability and communication radius are two important features characterizing the WSN technology (Dutta et al, 2012).…”

“…This synchronization between the nodes is required for coordinating the cycles of power or efficiency of energy and for the stable functioning of sensors in real-time monitoring scenarios (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2014b). One of the techniques that may be employed to model the behavior of WSN is the Pulse-Coupled Oscillator (PCO) algorithm, where sensor nodes as observed in the flashing light emission synchronization behaviors of fireflies and secretion of radio signals are regarded as firing to attract mating partners (Robert and Wilfried, 2009).…”