Impact of the Cyber Hygiene Intelligence and Performance (CHIP) Interface on Cyber Situation Awareness and Cyber Hygiene

A Quadruple “E” Approach for Effective Cyber-Hygiene Behaviour and Attitude toward Online Learning among Higher-Education Students in Saudi Arabia amid COVID-19 Pandemic

“…In addition, this result suggests that male students are less aware of applying cyber-hygiene best practices, making them the most likely cyber victims. Thus, the results indicate the need to boost additional cyber-hygiene awareness actions for male students [29,34,62]. As highlighted earlier, female students in KSA universities are segregated and do not have direct contact with their male lecturers [15,63].…”

“…According to Alharbi [65] and Alzahrani [31], several students exposed to cyber deception amid the COVID-19 pandemic had a highly negative attitude toward using technology in learning. Moreover, Mator [34] showed that the awareness of cyber-hygiene habits had reduced several students' exposure to cyber-attacks and made them have positive attitudes toward using technology in learning. This means that the cyber victims were not too knowledgeable of the issue's essence, represented by the lack of cyber-hygiene awareness.…”

“…To examine the students' cyber-hygiene behaviours, an instrument which included 20 items was adopted. Likewise, the instrument displayed satisfactory reliability and emanated from [24,34,55]. The instrument's 20 items were included to define seven factors: mobile security (2 items; α = 0.719), passwords (3 items; α = 0.711), email phishing (3 items; α = 0.737), After designing the self-diagnosis application, the investigator provided it to students by teaching each module of the eleven learning modules to learn individually.…”

“…Cyber hygiene is defined as appropriately implementing the most valuable cybersecurity practices to decrease the cyber threat and save personal hardware, software, and data [33]. Cyber-hygiene awareness is critical to lowering instigated infringements of cybersecurity, as shown in [34]. Likewise, cyber-hygiene awareness refers to the knowledge and adaptive behaviours for mitigating online risks, such as online learning activities that risk personal data [29].…”

“…To examine the students' cyber-hygiene behaviours, an instrument which included 20 items was adopted. Likewise, the instrument displayed satisfactory reliability and emanated from [24,34,55]. The instrument's 20 items were included to define seven factors: mobile security (2 items; α = 0.719), passwords (3 items; α = 0.711), email phishing (3 items; α = 0.737), Furthermore, to examine the students' attitudes toward online learning, the investigators adopted an instrument which included 12 items.…”