Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, anxiety, and depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has yielded containment measures with detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of the general population. The impacts of lockdown on clinical features in Parkinson’s disease are not well known. We aimed to compare the physical activity, anxiety–depression levels between Parkinson’s disease patients and controls during lockdown. Forty-five Parkinson’s disease patients and 43 controls were evaluated with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) via telephone interview. The patients’ disease-related symptoms were worsened during lockdown though regular Parkinson’s disease medication use. The PASE scores were low in both groups. The HADS scores of groups were below the cutoff point of anxiety–depression presence. Pandemic restrictions could lead to worsening of the motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.

Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults With a Neurologically-Related Mobility Disability During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Analysis

“…The median HAQ-SDI scores of our cohort (1.5) indicate the presence of disability (>1). Perhaps unsurprisingly, the HAQ-SDI score was lowest for participants without mobility aids but highest for individuals who used any mobility aid and performed less household PA. A subjective worsening of neurological symptoms has been reported in individuals with Parkinson's disease (38,43) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (44) and cerebellar ataxias (45) as a result of COVID-19 restrictions, increasing the socio-economic burden of these neurological conditions (46). Indeed, the restricted access to healthcare services (rehabilitation, community and home-based support) during the pandemic (31) for disabled individuals may detrimentally impact mobility and function.…”

Comparison of the Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable and Non-Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

“…Of the 25 studies included, 17 [6,39,40,[43][44][45][46][48][49][50][51][53][54][55][56][57][58] were cross-sectional studies, and of the remaining studies, 6 [38,41,42,52,59,60] were case-control studies, and 2 [47,61] were longitudinal studies. Four studies [38,44,54,59] were conducted in Turkey, three in the United States [43,46,61], three in Spain [49][50][51] and Italy [53,55,58], two in Australia [40,48], China [39,56], and Iran [41,45], and one Germany [52], the Netherlands [60], Bangladesh [42], Israel [6], and Argentina ...…”

“…Four studies [38,44,54,59] were conducted in Turkey, three in the United States [43,46,61], three in Spain [49][50][51] and Italy [53,55,58], two in Australia [40,48], China [39,56], and Iran [41,45], and one Germany [52], the Netherlands [60], Bangladesh [42], Israel [6], and Argentina [47], respectively. 22 studies [6,38,[40][41][42][43][44][45][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] did not report the ethnicity of the participants. Otherwise, except for one study [39] involving only Chinese participants, the rest [46,…”

“…Otherwise, except for one study [39] involving only Chinese participants, the rest [46,61] were multi-ethnic studies. The subtypes of vulnerable populations among included studies were chronic disease patients in eleven studies [39,41,42,44,[52][53][54][57][58][59][60], elderly [6,40,46,49,51] and SMI patients [43,48,50,55,61] in five studies, and pregnant women in four studies [38,45,47,56], respectively. The sample size ranged from 48 to 13,829.…”

“…The most frequently used assessment tool was DASS-21 which was used in 7 studies [42,[48][49][50][51]53,55] measuring depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress. PHQ-9 was used in 5 studies [40,46,56,57,61] for assessing depressive symptoms, GAD-7 was used in 5 studies [40,46,56,57,61] for assessing anxiety, HADS was used in 5 studies [39,41,45,59,60] for assessing both depression and anxiety, and IES was used in 4 studies [46,[49][50][51] for eval-uating PTSD symptoms. There were only two studies [39,61] measuring sleep disturbance which used PSQI (Table 1).…”