Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical, Psychological and Nutritional Characteristics of Elite Athletes: a Cross-Sectional Web Survey

Cross-cultural comparison of sports anxiety among Indian and Polish sports players in a post-COVID world: a pilot study

“…This is consistent with the findings of the China Kadoorie Biobank study and the European Kardiovize Brno 2030 Study, in which greater physical activity was related to a lower BMI (Agodi et al, 2018;Du et al, 2013). Also, a shift in training intensity from vigorous to mild and a reduction in the total duration of training sessions per day from 17% to 3% had been observed among 18-to 35-year-old male national players in India during the pandemic (Esht et al, 2021). However, our results in the post-COVID time show that most of the national players in India are training daily, as they have already adapted to the pandemic situation and are training rigorously for their next competition.…”

“…Also, studies showed that there was an increase in the frequency of cooking as well as in the number of meals during the day because all family members were at home (Menon et al, 2022). However, an increase in the daily food intake by 20% of the total athletes was reported despite the decrease in physical activity (Esht et al, 2021). Also, according to Sidor and Rzymski (2020), 43.5% of Polish respondents reported eating more during quarantine, and 51.8% of respondents were snacking between meals more frequently.…”

“…The competitive anxiety largely depended on whether the athletes had a plan to adapt to the changes caused by the lockdown, the extent to which the government or sports authorities provided support to the athlete in terms of facilities, easing of restrictions, state-ofthe-art equipment, etc. Few studies have shown the training routine of Indian and Polish athletes during the lockdown (Esht et al, 2021;Shpakou et al, 2022). Some athletes raised concerns through news outlets.…”

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on training and technology use among Chilean amateur athletes

“…Training times showed a coincidence between the behavior of the local sample and athletes in other countries, with a decrease in training sessions' duration during PWQ to half as much as PP sessions. In line with these results, Pillay et al reported sessions lasting under an hour ( 21 ) which is unusually short for elite athletes; the same behavior arose with athletes in other disciplines ( 18 ). It would be interesting in the future to associate these data with the presence of distractors in the athletes' homes, or with the difficulty in distributing the work-sport-homework times in the daily routine during the confinement since these factors could have been determinants in the decrease in the frequency of training.…”

“…For training habits, questions focused on average training frequency (reported as training sessions per week); average duration of weekly training (in min/week); number of days per week with high-intensity training (80%–90% Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) or >85% 1 Maximum Repetition (MR); number of days per week with moderate-intensity training (70%–80% MHR or 60%–85% 1MR); and number of days per week with low-intensity training (60%–70% MHR or 30%–60% 1MR) ( 18 ); primary training location described as home, gym, urban outdoors (bike paths, plazas, parks) and nature (hills, national parks), with more than one response option available; number of days per week with cardio and strength training, to be answered in a discreet quantitative form.…”