Impact of the complete ban on female genital cutting on the attitude of educated women from Upper Egypt toward the practice

Hassanin, Ibrahim M.A.; Shaaban, Omar M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.10.010

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The reasons the Egyptians reported the most for their decision to have FGM/C performed on their daughters were family pressure (42.6%), religious obligations (38.3%), and the preservation of their daughters' chastity (19.0%) [17].…”

Section: Types Of Fgmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Genital Mutilation: Egypt in focus

Amin¹,

Moety²,

Sabry³

2017

Eur J Forensic Sci

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is an important issue of global interest. It has a direct effect on women's health and violates their human rights. Millions of young women are affected by this harmful act especially in Africa and Middle Eastern countries. In Egypt, the overall prevalence of FGM or cutting (FGM/C) is 84.2%. Although a ministerial decree prohibited practitioners from performing it, it seems that law implementation had not affected the attitudes toward practice. Lack of knowledge about the consequences of FGM/C and cultural influences were the main reasons behind Egyptian physicians' practice of FGM/C. Eradication of this bad ritual is a serious public health challenge. There is an urgent need for mass education of the nurses and general public to mobilize the community toward eradication of this act.

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Section: Types Of Fgmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Genital Mutilation: Egypt in focus

Amin¹,

Moety²,

Sabry³

2017

Eur J Forensic Sci

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“…According to Bonessio (as cited in Ref. [24], p. 275), "education level is a major independent factor of change in attitude" in terms of FGM. This statement is supported by the findings of several studies (UN, Klouman; Msuya; Snow, as cited in Ref.…”

Section: Individual Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afifi et al (as cited in Ref. [24]) found that women with higher education level who were empowered within their social context were up to 8.06 times more likely to decide not to perform FGM on their daughters. Mudege et al [25] and Karmaker et al [21] suggested that the education level of parents was a good predictor for letting their daughters undergo FGM or not.…”

Section: Individual Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[29]) stated further that it is often believed that female sexuality needs to be controlled by FGM to enhance the sexual enjoyment of men and to decrease the excessive female libido. In a study conducted by Hassanin and Shabaan [24], the mothers who participated stated that one reason for letting their daughters get circumcised was to reduce their sexual desire. A daughter losing her virginity before marriage would bring shame to the whole family and must therefore be prevented by all available means.…”

Section: Gender Norms and Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Female genital mutilation – why does it still exist in Africa?

Schmöker

Nkulu-Kalengayi

2015

ScienceOpen Research

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. FGM is practised in many parts of the world -including 28 African countries, some countries in the Middle East and Asia, and some population groups in Central and South America. Its prevalence rates range from 0.6% up to 97.9%, and it has been classified as a violation of human and children's rights. Consequently, several countries have passed laws against the practice and many international programmes have been implemented to abandon it. Yet, FGM still prevails in many countries. This literature review aimed at identifying the underlying reasons for the perpetuation of FGM, ascertaining forces that foster its promotion and persistence and who is responsible for pushing its continuation. The main goal was to try to understand the underlying causes that make FGM resistant against initiatives and campaigns targeting its elimination. A literature search was carried out using several databases. All sources that approached the topic of FGM were incorporated including literature reviews, systematic reviews, qualitative and quantitative as well as mixed-method studies that described attitudes towards FGM and factors associated with its practice. Different factors that were interlinked could be identified at the individual, interpersonal, organisational/institutional as well as the community/societal level as the underlying causes of the perpetuation for FGM. These factors varied within and between different settings, and include individual characteristics such as parents' level of education, place of residence, personal beliefs (aesthetics, health benefits, hygiene) about FGM as well as the medicalisation of FGM and the involvement of health care professionals at the institutional level. Cultural factors like gender inequality, social norms and pressure also played an important role. Surprisingly, no evidence that supported religious motives could be found in any of the three monotheistic religions. This review suggests that the reasons behind the performance of FGM differ between and within countries and contexts, but cannot be found in the scriptures even though it is mainly practiced by Muslims. Girls with low education living in small Muslim communities, in rural areas in Africa and whose parents especially the mother had a low educational level, were at increased risk of undergoing FGM. Successful actions to eliminate this practice require a balance between respect of culture and human rights. Practising communities should be involved in each step of every programme. Finally, it is crucial to target the young generations through education, women empowerment and reduction of gender inequality.

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“…In Egypt, the percentage of women who had any procedure that altered external genitalia performed on a daughter only fell from 77.8% to 71.6% over 5 years from 2006 to 2011. This relatively small decrease in prevalence was associated with minimal change in attitude towards the procedures 6. In a study in Somalia, the country in the world with the highest prevalence of these procedures, 81% of subjects underwent infibulation and only 3% did not have FGA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%