Impact of the combined use of layered double hydroxides, lignin and phosphorous polyol on the fire behavior of flexible polyurethane foams

Gómez-Fernández, Sandra; Günther, Martin; Schartel, Bernhard; Corcuera, María Ángeles; Eceiza, Arantxa

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.018

Cited by 39 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The conventional strategy to modify the burning behavior of foams is to incorporate flame retardants (FRs) into the polymer matrix. There are numerous investigations focused on the synthesis and evaluation of novel FRs 18‐21 . A variety of FRs are available for FPUFs, including phosphorus, organophosphorus, nitrogen, halogen, and phosphorus‐halogen compounds 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) are easy to ignite and exhibit rapid flame spread. In this paper, the fire phenomena of two standard foam formulations containing tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (FR‐2) and a halogen‐freepoly (ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PNX), respectively, as flame retardants are compared. A multi‐methodological approach is proposed which combines standard fire tests as well as new investigatory approaches. The thermophysical properties of the foams were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), reaction to small flames was studied by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 HBF test, and the burning behavior was investigated with the cone calorimeter. Further, temperature development in burning cone calorimeter samples was monitored using thermocouples, and rheological measurements were performed on pyrolyzed material, delivering insight into the dripping behavior of the foams. This paper gives comprehensive insight into the fire phenomena of flame‐retarded FPUFs that are driven by the two‐step decomposition behavior of the foams. LOI and UL 94 HBF tests showed a reduced flammability and reduced tendency to drip for the flame‐retarded foams. TG and cone calorimeter measurements revealed that the two‐step decomposition behavior causes two stages during combustion, namely structural collapse and pool fire. The flame‐retardant mode of action was identified to take place primarily during the foam collapse and be based mainly on flame inhibition. However, some condensed‐phase action was been measured, leading to significantly increased melt viscosity and improved dripping behavior for foams containing PNX.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The addition of (ammonium polyphosphate) APP to the lignosulfonate further increases the fire performance. The combination of lignin, clays, and a phosphorus have been studied for the production of flexible [103] and rigid [104] PU foams. In all these studies, a decrease in the HRR during combustion associated with a limitation of flame propagation was observed through the formation of inert gases, and a protective char layer during combustion.…”

Section: Type Of Pumentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retardant properties have been at the core of attention in recent years. Bio-based polyurethanes are currently prepared from renewable, bio-based sources such as vegetable oils. They are used in a wide range of applications including coatings and foams. However, they are highly flammable, and their further development is dependent on their flame retardancy. The aim of the present review is to investigate recent advances in the development of flame-retardant bio-based polyurethanes. Chemical structures of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethanes have been studied and explained from the point of view of flame retardancy. Moreover, various strategies for improving the flame retardancy of bio-based polyurethanes as well as reactive and additive flame-retardant solutions are discussed.

show abstract

“…LDHs can be directly used as ame retardant additives because of their unique chemical properties and layered structures [170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177]. For example, exible polyurethane foam with samples containing 10% ame retardant, the LOI increased from 20.8 to 29.0, the UL-94 rating increased from no to V-0, and the pHRR decreased from 1090 to 284 kW/m 2 , respectively.…”

Section: Silicon-containing Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DBS intercalated LDH (LDH-DBS) nanosheets have been surface-assembled by an ultra ne Ni(OH) 2 nanocatalyst via circular coordination-induced growth, with the aim of imbuing EP with high-e cient re retardant properties [193]. An LDH-DBS@Ni(OH) 2 material was designed to a density of 40 ± 2 kg m −3 was prepared by combining LDH and kra lignin (a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry) with phosphorous polyol (E560) [175]. e e ects of llers on the mechanical properties and combustion properties of bers were then studied.…”

Section: Layered Doublementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview

Hong

Chen

2019

Advances in Polymer Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.

show abstract

Impact of the combined use of layered double hydroxides, lignin and phosphorous polyol on the fire behavior of flexible polyurethane foams

Cited by 39 publications

References 43 publications

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges

Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About