Impact of the 2011 Spanish Smoking Ban in Hospitality Venues: Indoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Influence of Outdoor Smoking

López, María José; Fernández, Esteve; Pérez‐Ríos, Mónica; Martínez‐Sánchez, Jose M.; Schiaffino, Anna; Galán, Iñaki; Moncada, Albert; Fu, Marcela; Montes, Agustín; Saltó, Esteve; Nebot, Manel

doi:10.1093/ntr/nts218

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is in contrast to the PM 2.5 concentrations in the conventional cigarette user's home, which were 58 times higher than in the e-cigarette user home. The air nicotine concentrations in the homes of smokers of conventional cigarettes were similar to the concentrations that have been observed in hospitality venues when smoking was allowed [14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study

Fernández

Ballbè

Sureda

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

101

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Objectives The aim of this study is to review the literature on the composition of aerosols from electronic cigarettes (ecigarettes) originated by human vaping and to describe the emission of particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM 2.5 ) from conventional and e-cigarettes at home in real-use conditions. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science. We measured PM 2.5 in four different homes: one from a conventional cigarette smoker, one from an e-cigarette user, and two from non-smokers. Results The review identified eight previous investigations on the composition of aerosols from e-cigarettes originated by human vaping and indicated that emissions from ecigarettes can contain potential toxic compounds such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, besides particulate matter. In the observational study, the PM 2.5 median concentration was 9.88 μg/m 3 in the e-cigarette user home and 9.53 and 9.36 μg/m 3 in the smoke-free homes, with PM 2.5 peaks concurrent with the e-cigarette puffs. Conclusion Both the literature review and the observational study indicate that e-cigarettes used under real-conditions emit toxicants, including PM 2.5 . Further research is needed to characterize the chemicals emitted by different types of ecigarettes and to assess secondhand exposure to e-cigarette aerosol using biological markers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study

Fernández

Ballbè

Sureda

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

101

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“…This led Spanish legislators to change the smoke-free law in January 2011, extending the total ban to all enclosed areas including bars, discos, restaurants and even hospitals campus and healthcare centers. In 2012, Lopez et al showed that SHS exposure in LH settings was dramatically reduced after the 2011 Spanish smoking ban was introduced [29]. High rates of compliance with smoke-free law (92.3%) were also observed in public places of a North India district, revealing the effectiveness of ban policies [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Adherence to and Compliance with the Portuguese Smoke-Free Law in the Leisure-Hospitality Sector

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIn 2008, the Portuguese smoke-free law came into effect including partial bans in the leisure-hospitality (LH) sector. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of smoking control policies (total ban, smoking permission and designated smoking areas) adopted by the LH sector in Portugal. The levels of noncompliance with each policy are investigated as well as the main factors associated with smoking permission and noncompliance with the law.MethodsCross-sectional study conducted between January 2010 and May 2011. A random sample of venues was selected from the Portuguese LH sector database, proportionally stratified according to type, size and geographical area. All venues were assessed in loco by an observer. The independent effects of venues' characteristics on smoking permission and the level of noncompliance with the law were explored using logistic regression.ResultsOverall, 1.412 venues were included. Total ban policy was adopted by 75.9% of venues, while 8.4% had designated smoking areas. Smoking ban was more prevalent in restaurants (85.9%). Only 29.7% of discos/bars/pubs opted for complete ban. Full or partial smoking permission was higher in discos/bar/pubs (OR = 7.37; 95%CI 4.87 to 11.17). Noncompliance with the law was higher in venues allowing smoking and lower in places with complete ban (33.6% and 7.6% respectively, p<0.001). Discos/bars/pubs with full smoking permission had the highest level of noncompliance (OR = 3.31; 95%CI 1.40 to 7.83).ConclusionsOur findings show a high adherence to smoking ban policy by the Portuguese LH sector. Nonetheless, one quarter of the venues is fully or partially permissive towards smoking, with the discos/bars/pubs considerably contributing to this situation. Venues with smoking permission policies were less compliant with the legislation. The implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law, without any exceptions, is essential to effectively protect people from the second hand smoke.

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“…Two samplers were used in passive mode and two were connected to pumps for active mode. Active sampling was conducted at a sampling rate of 3 L/min as previously described by Lopez et al [21]. Two field blanks were collected for quality control.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of indoor air quality at an electronic cigarette (Vaping) convention

Rui

Aherrera

Isichei

et al. 2017

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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E-cigarette (vaping) conventions are public events promoting electronic cigarettes, in which indoor use of e-cigarettes is allowed. The large concentration of people using e-cigarettes and poor air ventilation can result in indoor air pollution. In order to estimate this worst-case exposure to e-cigarettes, we evaluated indoor air quality in a vaping convention in Maryland (MD), USA. Real-time concentrations of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and real-time total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), CO 2 and NO 2 concentrations were measured. Integrated samples of air nicotine and PM 10 concentrations were also collected. The number of attendees was estimated to range from 75 to 600 at any single observation time. The estimated 24-h timeweighted average (TWA) PM 10 was 1800 μg/m 3 , 12-fold higher than the EPA 24-h regulation (150 μg/m 3 ). Median (range) indoor TVOCs concentration was 0.13 (0.04-0.3) ppm. PM 10 and TVOC concentrations were highly correlated with CO 2 concentrations, indicating the high number of people using e-cigarettes and poor indoor air quality. Air nicotine concentration was 125 μg/m 3 , equivalent to concentrations measured in bars and nightclubs. E-cigarette aerosol in a vaping convention that congregates many e-cigarette users is a major source of PM 10 , air nicotine and VOCs, impairing indoor air quality. These findings also raise occupational concerns for e-cigarette vendors and other venue staff workers. IntoductionElectronic cigarettes (also called Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that deliver an aerosol with or without nicotine and flavorings, instead of burning tobacco [1]. E-cigarette use is rapidly increasing worldwide [2]. According to CDC reports from 2014, 12.6% of adults (40.2 million) had ever tried an e-cigarette and about 3.7% of adults (11.8 million)were currently using e-cigarettes every day or some days in the United States [3]. Among the current users, 2.4 million were middle-aged and high school-aged students [4]. Estimated global sales of e-cigarettes reached $2 billion in 2014 and is projected to increase to $10 billion in 2017 [5]. E-cigarettes have been heavily promoted through vape shop advertisements, social media, and "vaping conventions". Vaping conventions, or vape expos, are public events that promote the newest device trends and flavors, and provide information on e-cigarette products. These events attract a large number of e-cigarette enthusiasts, vendors, and local residents, and allow (and promote) e-cigarette use inside the venues. Williams [6] reported that 90 vaping conventions were held in 37 different locations in the US from 2010 to 2015 (average of 15 per year). As part of the attraction, entertainment events, such as "cloud competitions" and several trick competitions (artistic plumes) are scheduled during the day. These competitions reward those who can generate the largest, densest or most artistic plume with free merchandise [7].Growing evidence indicates that inhaled e-cigarette aerosol i...

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Impact of the 2011 Spanish Smoking Ban in Hospitality Venues: Indoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Influence of Outdoor Smoking

Abstract: SHS exposure in hospitality venues dramatically decreased after the 2011 Spanish smoking ban. SHS from outdoor smokers close to entrances seems to drift inside venues. Smoking control legislation should consider outdoor restrictions to ensure complete protection against SHS.

Cited by 40 publications

References 14 publications

Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study

Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study

Patterns of Adherence to and Compliance with the Portuguese Smoke-Free Law in the Leisure-Hospitality Sector

Assessment of indoor air quality at an electronic cigarette (Vaping) convention

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